{"id":12838,"date":"2022-11-09T12:32:49","date_gmt":"2022-11-09T04:32:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/?page_id=12838"},"modified":"2026-10-18T11:20:35","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T03:20:35","slug":"iv","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/esperantologio\/lingvistikaj-aspektoj-de-esperanto\/iv\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5b66\u6982\u8bba \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u5f62\u6001\u5b66<\/h1>\n

<\/a>3.1 \u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\u3001\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\u3001\u7194\u5408\u8bed<\/h2>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u672b\u5c3e\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7ed3\u6784\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u662f\u5f62\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u3002\u2460<\/sup>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u8bf4\u4ece\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u8d77\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u628a\u8bed\u8a00\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\u3001\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\u548c\u7194\u5408\u8bed\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8c61\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u5c48\u6298\u8bed\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u597d\u8c61\u662f\u7528\u4e00\u6574\u5757\u5ca9\u77f3\u51ff\u6210\u7684\u72ec\u77f3\u50cf\u3002\u8bcd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u6210\u5f62\u4f4d\uff0c\u5373\u8bcd\u6839\u3001\u8bcd\u7f00\u3001\u8bcd\u5c3e\u4e4b\u7c7b\u6210\u5206\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u4e0d\u53ef\u62c6\u5f00\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6bcb\u5b81\u8bf4\uff0c\u7531\u51c0\u8bcd\u6839\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u2461<\/sup>\u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\u7684\u8457\u540d\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u6c49\u8bed\uff1b\u5b64\u7acb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5219\u6709\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bcd\u6709\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8bcd\u5206\u5272\u6210\u5f62\u4f4d\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6210\u5206\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u6216\u8bed\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\u3002\u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u5206\u754c\u662f\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\u7684\uff1b\u8bcd\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u3001\u65e5\u8bed\u3001\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7194\u5408\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bcd\u6709\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u6df7\u6742\u7684\u3002\u8bcd\u4e00\u822c\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u4f4d\u591a\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u62bd\u8c61\u610f\u4e49\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u8bcd\u5206\u5272\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u770b\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u8bed\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\u53ca\u610f\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u7194\u6210\u4e00\u4f53\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u62c6\u5f00\u7684\u3002\u7194\u5408\u8bed\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u548c\u4fc4\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n

\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u8bcd scribo<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u5199\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u8bcd\u5e72\uff08scrib-<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u548c\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff08-o<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a -o<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u8868\u793a\u65f6\uff08\u5373\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\uff09\u3001\u5f0f\uff08\u5373\u76f4\u9648\u5f0f\uff09\u3001\u6570\uff08\u5373\u5355\u6570\uff09\u548c\u4eba\u79f0\uff08\u5373\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5c3e\u53ea\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u5206\u6210\u56db\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u62c6\u6210\u5177\u4f53\u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u5408\u7684\u8bcd\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u8bcd\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u3001\u76f4\u9648\u5f0f\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u5355\u6570\u5404\u5f62\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u88681<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
scrib\/o<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6211\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
scrib\/is<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4f60\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
scrib\/it<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4ed6\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u88682<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
scrib\/am<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6211\u5c06\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
scrib\/es<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4f60\u5c06\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
scrib\/et<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4ed6\u5c06\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u6ce8\u610f\uff0cscribo<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c scribam<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u672c\u8be5\u540c\u5f62\u4f4d\u201c\u6211\u201d\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002Scribam, scribes<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c scribet<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u548c\u5f62\u4f4d\u201c\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u201d\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f62\u5f0f\u90fd\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684 -s<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f62\u5f0f\u90fd\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684 -t<\/i><\/em>\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u548c\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u014d\uff5ea<\/i><\/em>\uff1bi\uff5e\u0113<\/i><\/em>\uff1bi\uff5ee<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5c31\u662f\u7194\u5408\u578b\u7684\u3002\u5404\u5f62\u4f4d\u7194\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u5757\u4e0d\u80fd\u79bb\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u628a\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u5f62\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88683 \u73b0\u5728\u65f6<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
ngi\/ya\/bhala<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6211\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
u\/ya\/bhala<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4f60\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
i\/ya\/bhala<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4ed6\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u88684 \u5c06\u6765\u65f6<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
ngi\/zo\/bhala<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6211\u5c06\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
u\/zo\/bhala<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4f60\u5c06\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
i\/zo\/bhala<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4ed6\u5c06\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u89e6\u76ee\u53ef\u89c1\uff1angi-<\/i><\/em>\uff0cu-<\/i><\/em>\uff0ci-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u8868\u793a\u5404\u4eba\u79f0\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684 mi<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\uff09\uff0cvi<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f60\uff09\uff0cli<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\uff09\uff1b\u2460<\/sup>-ya-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c -zo-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u8868\u793a\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e -as<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\uff09\u548c -os<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5c31\u662f\u7c98\u5408\u578b\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u7194\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u5757\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5f02\u56fd\u98ce\u5473\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u6b21\u5e8f\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u5927\u6982\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\uff1a\u4ece\u5f62\u6001\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u6bd4\u8f83\u8c61\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8c61\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u6765\u628a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed \/an\u02c8ropus\/<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u00b4\u53f7\u540e\u4e3a\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8bcd homojn<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4eba\uff09\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u8bcd\u7531\u8bcd\u5e72 \/an\u02c8rop-\/<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4eba\uff09\u548c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u683c\u590d\u6570\u7684\u8bcd\u5c3e \/-us\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7ec4\u6210\uff1b\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8bcd\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u8bcd\u5e72 hom-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c\u8bcd\u5c3e -ojn<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a -ojn<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u62c6\u5f00\uff1a-o\/j\/n<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u5f62\u4f4d -o-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u8bcd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u540d\u8bcd\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7c7b\uff0c-j-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u6570\u4e0a\u8bf4\u5b83\u662f\u590d\u6570\uff0c\u800c -n<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u683c\u4e0a\u8bf4\u5b83\u662f\u5bf9\u683c\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u7684 \/-us\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u5982\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684 -ojn<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e00\u6837\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u683c\u590d\u6570\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a \/-us\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u62c6\u6210 \/-u-\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c \/-s\/<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5e26 \/s\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7684 \/u\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u8868\u793a\u5c5e\u683c\u5355\u6570\uff0c\u5982 \/an\u02c8ropu\/<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4eba\u7684\uff09\uff1b\u800c \/-s\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c\u522b\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u4e00\u8d77\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u4e3b\u683c\u5355\u6570\uff0c\u5982 \/\u02c8an\u02c8ropos\/<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5728 \/an\u02c8ropus\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u683c\u548c\u590d\u6570\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u662f\u7194\u5408\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u5408\u5f62\u7d20 \/us\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u5177\u6709\u7194\u5408\u578b\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5c31\u8c61\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e0b\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u540d\u8bcd\u5404\u683c\u548c\u6570\u7684\u8bcd\u5f62\u53d8\u5316\u8868\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7acb\u523b\u5c31\u770b\u5230\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a\u5728\u7194\u5408\u8bed\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8868\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u683c\u548c\u6570\u90fd\u662f\u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u7279\u6709\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\uff08\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\uff09\u4e4b\u6216\u7528\u6216\u7f3a\u800c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88685<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u5355\u6570<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u590d\u6570<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5355\u6570<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u590d\u6570<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e3b\u683c<\/td>\n\u02c8an\u02c8rop\/os<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8an\u02c8rop\/i<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nhom\/o<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nhom\/o\/j<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5c5e\u683c<\/td>\nan\u02c8rop\/u<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nan\u02c8rop\/on<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\uff08\u7528 de<\/i><\/em>\uff09<\/td>\n\uff08\u7528 de<\/i><\/em>\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5bf9\u683c<\/td>\n\u02c8an\u02c8rop\/o<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nan\u02c8rop\/us<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nhom\/o\/n<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nhom\/o\/j\/n<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/a>3.2 \u5c48\u6298<\/h2>\n

\u5c48\u6298\uff0c\u636e\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u63d2\u56fe\u5927\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u5728\u9012\u53d8\u548c\u53d8\u66f4\u4e2d\u8bcd\u5f62\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4fee\u6574\u3002\u201d\u2460<\/sup>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u662f\u6709\u5c48\u6298\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8bcd\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4fee\u6574\u3002\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u901a\u8fc7\u6574\u5f62\u6765\u8868\u793a\u6570\u548c\u683c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u52a0 j<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6765\u8868\u793a\u590d\u6570\uff0c\u53c8\uff08\u6216\uff09\u7528\u52a0 n<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u683c\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5f62\u4f4d j<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c n<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u90fd\u662f\u5c48\u6298\u8bcd\u5c3e\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u52a8\u8bcd\u53d8\u66f4\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u6574\u5f62\u7528\u8bcd\u5c3e -as\uff0c-is\uff0c-os<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6765\u8868\u793a\u76f4\u9648\u5f0f\u91cc\u65f6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u3001\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u7528 -i\uff0c-u\uff0c-us<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u3001\u7948\u4f7f\u5f0f\u3001\u865a\u62df\u5f0f\uff09\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u62ff\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u6216\u4fc4\u8bed\u4e2d\u4f7f\u4eba\u53f9\u4e3a\u89c2\u6b62\u7684\u8bcd\u5f62\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u9012\u53d8\u548c\u53d8\u66f4\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u62ff\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u7684\u53d8\u66f4\uff0c\u6765\u540c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u4fee\u6574\u8303\u56f4\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u4fee\u6574\uff0c\u53ea\u4e3a\u7194\u5408\u8bed\u548c\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\u6240\u7279\u6709\uff0c\u800c\u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\u5219\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u6c49\u8bed\uff08\u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u540d\u8bcd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6570\u548c\u683c\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u65f6\u548c\u5f0f\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u7528\u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6df7\u5408\u578b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u628a\u51e0\u4e2a\u65e0\u5c48\u6298\u7684\u8bcd\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff1ahe will write<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5c06\u5199\uff09\uff0c\u597d\u8c61\u662f li<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\uff09\uff0c-os<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5c06\uff09\uff0cskrib-<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5199\uff09\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8bd5\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e00\u4e0b\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u4e2d\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7194\u5408\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f scribet<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u662f\u5206\u6790\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u7528\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u5219\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e4b\uff08\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\uff09\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u662f\u5206\u6790\u6027\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5c45\u4e8e\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728 li skribos<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5c06\u5199\uff09\u91cc\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5927\u5bb6\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u3001\u4fc4\u8bed\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u614e\u91cd\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u7194\u5408\u8bed\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u201c\u5c48\u6298\u8bed\u201d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u80fd\u660e\u786e\u533a\u5206\u7194\u5408\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u7efc\u5408\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\uff08\u5bf9\u5206\u6790\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff09\u662f\u6307\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u91cc\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0b\u65873.7\uff09\uff1b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7194\u5408\u6027\uff08\u5bf9\u7c98\u5408\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff09\u662f\u6307\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u7d20\u91cc\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u52a0\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5b64\u7acb\u2014\u7c98\u5408\u2014\u7194\u5408\uff08\u6216\u5c48\u6298\uff09\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u574f\u540d\u58f0\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5728\u51e0\u4e4e\u6574\u6574\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u6885\u8036\u5c31\u628a\u5b83\u8d2c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u592a\u6709\u540d\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u201d\uff08trop fameuse classification<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u58f0\u8a89\u3002\u8fd9\u5f97\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u529f\u5730\u7ed9\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8303\u56f4\u5b9a\u4e86\u91cf\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u4e2d\u628a\u5b83\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ea\u51ed\u70ed\u60c5\u7684\u4eba\u628a\u4e09\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7c7b\u578b\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u6392\u65a5\u7684\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u5e76\u975e\u662f\uff08\u59d1\u4e14\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\uff09\u58c1\u5792\u68ee\u4e25\u3001\u6c34\u6cfc\u4e0d\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u5b64\u7acb\u3001\u7c98\u5408\u548c\u7194\u5408\u7684\u503e\u5411\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8bf4\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\uff08\u5982\u540c\u521a\u624d\u6211\u4eec\u5728 he will write<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u662f\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\uff08un-end-ing-ly<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u5730\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u53c8\u6210\u4e86\u7194\u5408\u8bed\uff08took<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u53d6\u201d\uff0c\u7531 take<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u52a0\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5f62\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\uff09\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\u6765\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u7c98\u5408\u578b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5b64\u7acb\u6027\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u7528\u5728\u5206\u6790\u6027\u591a\u4e8e\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b51\u7136\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff08\u5355\u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\uff09\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4ee3\u8bcd\u3001\u539f\u751f\u526f\u8bcd\uff08apena\u016d<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u201d\uff0cja<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u8bda\u7136\u201d\uff0cjus<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u521a\u521a\u201d\uff0ctre<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u5f88\u201d\uff0ctro<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u592a\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\uff09\u3001\u4ecb\u8bcd\u3001\u8fde\u8bcd\u3001\u6570\u8bcd\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u7adf\u7136\u8fd8\u6709\u7194\u5408\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u8ff9\uff1a\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u7f55\u89c1\u5730\u548c\u5e26\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8bcd\u6839\u7194\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u662f\u8868\u793a\u4eb2\u6635\u7684\u540e\u7f00 -\u0109j-<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u7537\u6027\uff09\u548c -nj-<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u5973\u6027\uff09\u3002\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u540e\u7f00\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c-\u0109j-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c -nj-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a\u662f\u7c98\u9644\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6839\u7684\u622a\u77ed\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\uff1apa(tr)o<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7238\u7238 + -\u0109j-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0+ -o<\/i><\/em>\u00a0= pa\u0109jo<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7238\uff08\u6635\u79f0\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7194\u5408\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u3002\u8bcd\u7684\u6784\u6210\u5f62\u4f4d\u8fd8\u80fd\u8fa8\u8ba4\u51fa\u6765\uff1apa\/\u0109j\/o<\/i><\/em>\uff1b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5206\u88ab\u622a\u77ed\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/a>3.3 \u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d8\u5f02<\/h2>\n

3.3 \u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d8\u5f02<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u5934\u6765\u770b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8bcd\u5427\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u4e14\u4e0d\u8c08\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u79cd\u8bcd\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e00\u5f8b\u90fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7c98\u5408\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u90fd\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\uff1a\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6839\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u5374\u662f\u52a0\u51e0\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5f62\u4f4d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6328\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e92\u4e0d\u4ea4\u7194\u5730\u7c98\u5728\u4e00\u5757\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8bcd\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u89c6\u7684\u201d\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u90fd\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7b80\u5355\u6613\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7b2c\u4e8c\u70b9\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u800c\u7c98\u5408\u578b\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6839\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7f00\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5c3e\u90fd\u603b\u662f\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u7531\u540c\u4e00\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7edd\u65e0\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u662f\u8868\u793a\u4eb2\u6635\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u8c08\u8fc7\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u770b\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bcd eksklubanojn<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u524d\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u6210\u5458\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\uff1a\u2460<\/sup>eks, klub, an, o, j, n<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d eks<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u90a3\u79cd\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8bcd\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u6837\uff1aeksre\u011do<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u524d\u56fd\u738b\uff09\uff0ceksedzino<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u524d\u59bb\uff09\uff0cekskato<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u9609\u732b\uff09\uff0ceksigi<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u79bb\u804c\uff09\uff0cneeksigebla<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f00\u9664\u7684\uff09\uff0ceksa<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\uff0c\u524d\u4efb\u7684\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u8fde\u97f3\u4f4d\u7ed3\u6784\u4e5f\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002klub<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5728 klubo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff09\uff0ckluba<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7684\uff09\uff0cklubejo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f1a\u5740\uff09\uff0cnoktoklubo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u591c\u603b\u4f1a\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0 klub<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u3002An<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff1aano<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6210\u5458\uff09\uff0canigi<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5165\u4f1a\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\uff09\uff0cvilaano<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6751\u6c11\uff09\uff0ckristana<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\uff09\u3002\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff08o, j, n<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u53c8\u4f55\u5c1d\u4e0d\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u770b\u770b\u5176\u4ed6\u201c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u578b\u201d\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7acb\u5373\u5c31\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u8bcd evlerin<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u201c\u5c4b\u5b50\u7684\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5b83\u662f ev<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5c4b\u5b50\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u5c5e\u683c\u590d\u6570\u3002\u4ece\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u5206\u6790\u8d77\u6765\u662f ev-ler<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09-in<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5c5e\u683c\uff09\u3002\u590d\u6570\u7684\u8bcd\u5c3e ler<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u88686<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ev<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5c4b\u5b50<\/td>\nev\/ler<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5c4b\u5b50\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kedi<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u732b<\/td>\nkedi\/ler<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u732b\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
k\u00f6pr\u00fc<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6865<\/td>\nk\u00f6pr\u00fc\/ler<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6865\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
g\u00f6z<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u773c\u775b<\/td>\ng\u00f6z\/ler<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u773c\u775b\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u522b\u7684\u8bcd\u91cc\u5b83\u5374\u91c7\u7528\u4e86 lar<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7528 ler<\/i><\/em>\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u88687<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
elma<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u82f9\u679c<\/td>\nelma\/lar<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u82f9\u679c\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
k\u0131z<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5973\u5b69<\/td>\nk\u0131z\/lar<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5973\u5b69\u4eec\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kuyu<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4e95<\/td>\nkuyu\/lar<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4e95\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
arkada\u015f<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u670b\u53cb<\/td>\narkada\u015f\/lar<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd ler\uff5elar<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7684\u4ea4\u66ff\u5176\u5b9e\u6781\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bcd\u6839\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u4ece\u97f3\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bf4\u662f\u524d\u5143\u97f3\uff08i, e, \u00fc, \u00f6<\/i><\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u52a0 ler<\/i><\/em>\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u662f\u540e\u5143\u97f3\uff08\u0131, a, u, o<\/i><\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u52a0 lar<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8bcd\u91cc\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u8bcd\u6839\u7684\u52a0\u4e0a\u8bcd\u5c3e\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u97f3\u8272\u7684\u524d\u540e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e0a\u770b\u6765\u5c31\u548c\u8c10\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c5e\u683c\u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u56db\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a-in\uff0c-\u00fcn\uff0c-un\uff0c-\u0131n<\/i><\/em>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88688<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ev<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5c4b\u5b50<\/td>\nev\/in<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5c4b\u5b50\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
g\u00fcn<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u65e5\u5b50<\/td>\ng\u00fcn\/\u00fcn<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u65e5\u5b50\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
yol<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u8def<\/td>\nyol\/un<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u8def\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
adam\/lar<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u7537\u4eba\u4eec<\/td>\nadam\/lar\/\u0131n<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u7537\u4eba\u4eec\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u8c10\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u8bcd\u5c3e\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6309\u7167\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u8981\u6309\u7167\u5706\u6241\uff0c\u53bb\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u8c10\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7b80\u5355\u8bcd\u6839\u4ee5\u5143\u97f3\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u5c5e\u683c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u7528 n-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u5f00\u5934\uff1a\u8fd9\u53c8\u7ed9\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u56db\u79cd\u53d8\u5f02\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u88689<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
kedi<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u732b<\/td>\nkedi\/nin<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u732b\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
k\u00f6pr\u00fc<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6865<\/td>\nk\u00f6pr\u00fc\/n\u00fcn<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6865\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kuyu<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4e95<\/td>\nkuyu\/nun<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4e95\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
para<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u94b1<\/td>\npara\/n\u0131n<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u94b1\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u5c5e\u683c\u5f62\u4f4d\u5c31\u4e00\u5171\u67098\u4e2a\u5f02\u5f62\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5f62\u79f0\u4e3a\u5f62\u4f4d\u5f02\u4f53\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5f02\u79f0\u4e3a\u5f62\u4f4d\uff08\u5f62\u7d20\uff09\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d -in<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u67098\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u5f02\u4f53\uff1a-in\uff0c-nin\uff0c-\u00fcn\uff0c-n\u00fcn\uff0c-un\uff0c-nun\uff0c-\u0131n\uff0c-n\u0131n<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u800c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c31\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u89c4\u5219\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u9075\u5b88\u7740\u660e\u786e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u53d7\u7740\u8bed\u97f3\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u522b\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7c98\u5408\u6027\u7684\u5c48\u6298\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u79cd\u79cd\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5f62\u5f0f\u4fbf\u662f\u9002\u4f8b\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u662f\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5f62\u4f4d\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u5f02\u4f53\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u62fc\u5f0f\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u886810<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(a) wait<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nwaited<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/\u02c8we\u026at\u026ad\/<\/td>\n\u7b49\u5f85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
land<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nlanded<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/\u02c8l\u00e6nd\u026ad\/<\/td>\n\u7740\u9646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
avoid<\/i><\/em><\/td>\navoided<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/\u0259\u02c8v\u0254\u026ad\u026ad\/<\/td>\n\u907f\u514d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(b) miss<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nmissed<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/m\u026ast\/<\/td>\n\u9519\u8fc7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
laugh<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nlaughed<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/l\u0251\u02d0ft\/<\/td>\n\u7b11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
stop<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nstopped<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/st\u0252pt\/<\/td>\n\u505c\u6b62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(c) turn<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nturned<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/t\u025c\u02d0nd\/<\/td>\n\u8f6c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
love<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nloved<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/l\u028cvd\/<\/td>\n\u7231<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
breathe<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nbreathed<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/bri\u02d0\u00f0d\/<\/td>\n\u547c\u5438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
show<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nshowed<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/\u0283\u0259\u028ad\/<\/td>\n\u6307\u660e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u66ff\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8bed\u97f3\u73af\u5883\uff1a(a)\u5982\u679c\u8bcd\u6839\u7528 \/t\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6216 \/d\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u8bcd\u5c3e\u5c31\u662f\u5143\u97f3\u52a0\u4e0a \/d\/<\/i><\/em>\uff1b(b)\u5982\u679c\u8bcd\u6839\u7528\u6e05\u8f85\u97f3\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u8bcd\u5c3e\u5c31\u91c7\u7528 \/t\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b(c)\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8bcd\u5c3e\u5219\u4ee5 \/d\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u52a8\u8bcd\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e0d\u5b88\u7ef3\u58a8\u5730\u5728\u8bcd\u5c3e\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u201c\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5f62\u4f4d\u5f02\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e38\u5e38\u628a\u8bcd\u5e72\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e5f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n

(e) learn<\/i><\/em>\u00a0learnt<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/l\u025c\u02d0nt\/ \u5b66\u4e60
\nbuild<\/i><\/em>\u00a0built<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/b\u026alt\/ \u5efa\u8bbe
\ndream<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/dri\u02d0m\/ dreamt<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/dremt\/ \u4f5c\u68a6<\/p>\n

\u522b\u7684\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u52a8\u8bcd\u5219\u628a\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5f62\u4f4d\u5b8c\u5168\u7194\u5408\u5230\u8bcd\u5e72\u91cc\u53bb\uff1a<\/p>\n

(d) cut<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/k\u028ct\/ cut<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/k\u028ct\/ \u5207
\nteach<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/ti\u02d0t\u0283\/ taught<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/t\u0254\u02d0t\/ \u6559
\nsit<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/s\u026at\/ sat<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\/s\u00e6t\/ \u5750<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u627f\u8ba4\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5f62\u4f4d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5b83\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5f02\u6709\u51e0\u5206\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u3001\u7c98\u5408\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u6709\u51e0\u5206\u662f\u975e\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u7194\u5408\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u53d8\u5f02\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5730\u6b65\u3002\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\uff0c\u4e00\u5982\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u8a00\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u7b97\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u6001\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u5f62\u4f4d -w-<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684 -i\u011d-<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u6784\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u886811<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
uku\/bon\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u770b\u89c1<\/td>\nuku\/bon\/w\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u88ab\u770b\u89c1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uku\/shay\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6253<\/td>\nuku\/shay\/w\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u88ab\u6253<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uku\/vul\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5f00<\/td>\nuku\/vul\/w\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u88ab\u5f00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u6839\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u6216\u8005\u672b\u5c3e\u542b\u6709\u53cc\u5507\u97f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a -w-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u51fa\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u53d8\u5316\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u886812<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
m \u2192 n<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nuku\/bhem\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5438\u70df<\/td>\nuku\/bheny\/w\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\uff08\u70df\uff09\u88ab\u5438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ph \u2192 f<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nuku\/khiph\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u62ff\u5f00<\/td>\nuku\/khish\/w\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u88ab\u62ff\u5f00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mb \u2192 ng<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nuku\/khunbul\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u8bb0\u4f4f<\/td>\nuku\/khunjul\/w\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u88ab\u8bb0\u4f4f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u011c \u2192 f’<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nuku\/hlabelela\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5531<\/td>\nuku\/blatshele\/w\/a<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u88ab\u5531<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u7684\u989a\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u79bb\u5f00\u90a3\u5f15\u53d1\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u7684 \/w\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e24\u4e09\u4e2a\u97f3\u8282\u4e4b\u8fdc\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u800c\u5b83\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u548c\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u4e00\u4e00\u867d\u7136\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6761\u4f8b\u3002\u2460<\/sup><\/p>\n

<\/a>3.4 \u8bcd\u5f62\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027<\/h2>\n

\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u7194\u5408\u8bed\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u53d8\u5f02\uff1a\u8bcd\u5f62\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65e9\u5148\u8c08\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u8bcd \u02c8anropos<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u8bcd\u5f62\u53d8\u5316\u8868\u3002\u5b83\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u540d\u8bcd\u9012\u53d8\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8981\u770b\u770b\u4e3b\u683c\u5355\u6570\u548c\u5bf9\u683c\u590d\u6570\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e0b\u521711\u4e2a\u53d8\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u886813<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u4e3b\u683c\u5355\u6570<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n\u5bf9\u683c\u590d\u6570<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u02c8elinas<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8elines<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u02c8naftis<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8naftes<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u6d77\u5458<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u02c8varka<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8varkjes<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5c0f\u8239<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u02c8miti<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8mites<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u9f3b\u5b50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u02c8an\u03b8ropos<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8an\u03b8ropus<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4eba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ka\u02c8pelo<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nka\u02c8pela<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5e3d\u5b50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u02c8spiti<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8spitja<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u5c4b\u5b50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u02c8prama<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8pramata<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u4e8b\u60c5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u02c8telos<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u02c8teli<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u672b\u5c3e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ma\u02c8navisma<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nma\u02c8navi\u00f0es<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u83dc\u519c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ja\u02c8jaja<\/i><\/em><\/td>\nja\u02c8ja\u00f0es<\/i><\/em><\/td>\n\u7956\u6bcd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u5982\u679c\u4e3b\u683c\u5355\u6570\u7684\u8bcd\u5c3e\u662f \/a, i, o, s, as, is, os\/<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6216\u96f6\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff0c\u53c8\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u683c\u590d\u6570\u7684\u8bcd\u5c3e\u662f \/a, i, es, us, ata, \u00f0es\/<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u201c\u4e3b\u683c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5bf9\u683c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5355\u6570\u201d\u3001\u201c\u590d\u6570\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u8868\u73b0\u7a76\u4e3a\u4f55\u7269\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5c1d\u8bd5\u663e\u7136\u90fd\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\u3002\uff08\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u8bcd\u5c3e\u8fd8\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u6027\u2014\u2014\u9633\u6027\u3001\u9634\u6027\u3001\u4e2d\u6027\u2014\u2014\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\uff09\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u5149\u662f\u5f62\u4f4d\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u4e0d\u5149\u662f\u7194\u5408\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u4efb\u610f\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u5f52\u5165\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6216\u90a3\u7c7b\u7684\u9012\u53d8\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u751f\u8bcd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u9760\u89c2\u5bdf\u8bcd\u5f62\u800c\u77e5\u9053\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9012\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u62ff var\u02c8karis<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u8239\u592b\uff09\u548c stra\u02c8tjotis<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u58eb\u5175\uff09\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u600e\u4e48\u4f1a\u77e5\u9053\u524d\u8005\u662f\u8ddf\u7740\u610f\u601d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 ma\u02c8navis<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u53bb\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5374\u8c61 \u02c8naftis<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u90a3\u6837\u53d8\u5316\u5462\uff1f\u5b66\u4e60\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u4fc4\u8bed\u6216\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u4e60\u522b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u540c\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e4b\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u66f4\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/a>3.5 \u7c98\u5408\u6307\u6570<\/h2>\n

\u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\uff0c\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u8ba1\u91cf\u8bed\u8a00\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u4e4b\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u9879\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u201c\u7c98\u5408\u6307\u6570\u201d\u3002\u5728\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u53d6\u51fa\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\u8bed\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u628a\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bcd\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u5f62\u6001\u6210\u5206\u3002\uff08\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7d20\u6216\u6784\u8bcd\u6210\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u5f62\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u6709\u5f62\u4f4d\u53d8\u5f02\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bcd\u7d20\u5f53\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f62\u4f4d\u5f02\u4f53\u3002\u5bf9\u5c48\u6298\u8bed\uff0c\u522b\u53bb\u79bb\u6790\u90a3\u4e9b\u590d\u5408\u7684\u8bcd\u7d20\u6216\u201c\u5f62\u7d20\u201d\uff0c\u5982 an\u02c8\u03b8ropus<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d\u7684 -us<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u8868\u793a\u590d\u6570\u548c\u5bf9\u683c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u591a\u534a\u8fd8\u8868\u793a\u9633\u6027\u3002\uff09\u5728\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8bcd\u7d20\u4e2d\u6570\u51fa\u5206\u754c\u70b9\uff08\u201c\u97f3\u6e21\u201d\uff09J<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u3002\u8003\u5bdf\u5404\u4e2a\u5bf9\u513f\uff0c\u770b\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7d20\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7d20\u90fd\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u90fd\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u7c98\u5408\u6027\u7684\u3002\u7c98\u5408\u7ed3\u6784\uff08A<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u548c\u8bcd\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u97f3\u6e21\uff08J<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\uff0c\u5373 A\/J<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7c98\u5408\u6307\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728 homon<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4eba\u00b7\u540d\u8bcd\u00b7\u5bf9\u683c\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u4e2d\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7d20\uff08\u5f62\u4f4d hom-\uff0c-o-\uff0c-n<\/i><\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u97f3\u6e21\uff08J=2<\/i><\/em>\uff09\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u8bcd\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u6307\u6570 A\/J=2\/2=1.00<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u2460<\/sup>\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u7c98\u5408\u6307\u6570\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u53d6\u4e00\u6bb5\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u6765\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u3002\u6211\u5982\u6cd5\u505a\u53bb\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u51fa\u6240\u6599\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u6307\u6570\u603b\u662f1.00\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u662f\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u7c98\u5408\u5316\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u2461<\/sup>\u4e0b\u8fb9\u5217\u4e3e\u51e0\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u6307\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\u81ea\u5df1\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u886814<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u5229\u8bed<\/td>\n0.67<\/td>\n\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u8bed<\/td>\n0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u96c5\u5e93\u7279\u8bed\u2462<\/sup><\/td>\n0.51<\/td>\n\u68b5\u8bed<\/td>\n0.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed<\/td>\n0.34<\/td>\n\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed<\/td>\n0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u82f1\u8bed<\/td>\n0.30<\/td>\n\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/td>\n\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a J=0<\/i><\/em>\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u4eba\u5f15\u8bc1\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u578b\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5373\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u5229\u8bed\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff09\u548c\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u96c5\u5e93\u7279\u8bed\uff0c\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6bd4\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u8bed\u4ea6\u5373\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5883\u5185\u7684\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u66f4\u5bcc\u4e8e\u7c98\u5408\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u91cc\u5934\u6709\u501f\u81ea\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/a>3.6 \u534f\u8c03<\/h2>\n

\u4e3a\u7efc\u5408\u8bed\uff08\u5c31\u4e2d\u53c8\u53ea\u4e3a\u7194\u5408\u8bed\uff09\u6240\u7279\u6709\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u534f\u8c03\uff08\u5373\u4e00\u81f4\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u610f\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bcd\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u73b0\u4e24\u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u548c\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u5c31\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5728 bonaj knaboj<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u597d\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\uff09\u4e00\u8bed\u4e2d\u201c\u590d\u6570\u201d\u8303\u7574\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\uff1a\u5728 bonaj<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5728 knaboj<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d\u53c8\u8868\u73b0\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u5728 tiun saman tagon<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u90a3\u540c\u4e00\u5929\uff09\u4e00\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u683c\u201d\u7684\u8303\u7574\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u4e09\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u548c\u4eba\u79f0\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u534f\u8c03\uff1ami skribas<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\u5199\uff09\uff0cvi skribas<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f60\u5199\uff09\uff0cli skribas<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5199\uff09\u3002\u4e39\u9ea6\u8bed\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\uff1ajeg skriver<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\u5199\uff09\uff0cDu skriver<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f60\u5199\uff09\uff0chan skriver<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5199\uff09\u3002\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u548c\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u6ca1\u6709\u534f\u8c03\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u5c31\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e3b\u8bed\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8bed\u5305\u542b\u5728\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1ascribo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\u5199\uff09\uff0cscribis<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f60\u5199\uff09\uff0cscribit<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5199\uff09\uff1bngiyabhala<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\u5199\uff09\uff0cuyabhala<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f60\u5199\uff09\uff0ciyabhala<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5199\uff09\u3002\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee3\u8bcd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6570\u7684\u534f\u8c03\uff1adominus scribit<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5148\u751f\u5199\uff09\uff0cdomini scribunt<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5148\u751f\u4eec\u5199\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u201c\u7c7b\u201d\u7684\u534f\u8c03\uff1aindoda iyabhala<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4eba\u3014\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7c7b\u3015\u5199\uff09\uff0cisisebenzi siyabhala<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5de5\u4eba\u3014\u7b2c\u4e03\u7c7b\u3015\u5199\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\/\u02c8\u0263rafo\/<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\u5199\uff09\uff0c\/\u02c8\u0263rafis\/<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f60\u5199\uff09\uff0c\/\u02c8\u0263rafi\/<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5199\uff09\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u52a0\u7528\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4ee3\u8bcd\u6765\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u79f0\uff1a\/e\u02c8\u0263o \u02c8\u0263rafo\/<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\u5199\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u522b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8bed\u4ee3\u8bcd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u5f62\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4ecd\u7136\u548c\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u53d6\u5f97\u534f\u8c03\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u89c1\u4e8e\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684 ich schreibe<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\u5199\uff09\uff0cDu schreibst<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f60\u5199\uff09\uff0cer schreibt<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5199\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u53ea\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u5355\u6570\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u6709\u534f\u8c03\uff1aI write<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\u5199\uff09\uff0cyou write<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f60\u5199\uff09\uff0che writes<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u5199\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/a>3.7 \u7efc\u5408\u6027<\/h2>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6027\u503e\u5411\u548c\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u503e\u5411\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u5c31\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5185\u5305\u542b\u591a\u5c11\u6750\u6599\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u5343\u5dee\u4e07\u522b\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u578b\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bcd\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\uff1a\u6700\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51c0\u8bcd\u6839\u6784\u6210\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8bed\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6027\u89c1\u4e8e\u8bf8\u5982 tri<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e09\uff09\uff0cili<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\uff09\uff0c\u0109ar<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\uff09\uff0cpost<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5728\u2026\u2026\u4e4b\u540e\uff09\uff0canstata\u016d<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ee3\u66ff\uff09\uff0ctamen<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7136\u800c\uff09\uff0cjam<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5df2\u7ecf\uff09\u4e4b\u7c7b\u8bcd\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u522b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\uff0c\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6216\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8bcd\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u7684\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6839\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff0c\u6781\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\u662f\u591a\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6839\u548c\u8bcd\u7f00\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5e72\u52a0\u4e0a\u591a\u81f3\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5c3e\u3002\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u65e9\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u8c08\u8fc7\u7684 eksklubanojn<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e00\u8bcd\u5c31\u75316\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u524d\u7f00 eks-<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u8bcd\u6839 klub-<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u540e\u7f00 -an-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c -o-, j-, n<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5c3e\u3002\uff09\u628a\u591a\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u91cc\u7684\u503e\u5411\u53eb\u505a\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u548c\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u5728\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u65b9\u9762\u76f8\u5bf9\u6765\u8bf4\u603b\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u628a\u4eba\u79f0\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e3b\u8bed\u653e\u5230\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u91cc\u53bb\u4e86\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u8bed\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5219\u76f8\u5bf9\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5206\u6790\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e3b\u8bed\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u72ec\u7acb\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5728\u201c\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u5b8c\u6210\u4f53\u201d\u8868\u8fbe\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\uff08scripserit<\/i><\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u662f\u5206\u6790\u6027\u7684\uff08he will have written<\/i><\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\uff08li estos skribinta<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6216 li skribintos<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u51e0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u540c\u6837\u610f\u601d\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff08\u201c\u4ed6\u5c06\u8981\u5199\u5b8c\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u5904\u75281\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4e00\u5904\u75284\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4e00\u5904\u75283\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u5176\u533a\u522b\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4f55\u79cd\u672c\u4e8b\u7ed9\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8bcd\u201d\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u62fc\u6cd5\u51b3\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u8981\u65ad\u5b9a head-master<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6821\u957f\uff09\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u9887\u8d39\u8e0c\u8e87\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8bcd\u7531\u6781\u591a\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u90a3\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u8fc7\u957f\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u522b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u8981\u75285\u4e2a\u621610\u4e2a\u8bcd\u624d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u90fd\u7ed3\u5408\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u91cc\u53bb\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u53e5\u5b50\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u591f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6784\u6210\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u7ed9\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7c7b\u578b\u8d77\u4e86\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u53eb\u505a\u5408\u8bed\uff08\u591a\u91cd\u7efc\u5408\u8bed\uff09\u3002\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u8bed\u7684\u597d\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e14\u4ece\u4e00\u672c\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e66\u6458\u5f15\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u8bcd\uff1a<\/p>\n

pitshorulagtsitanginakfnererarkaureritshugunarka<\/i><\/em><\/p>\n

\u8be5\u8bcd\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u4ed6\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f7f\u4ed6\u505a\u9519\u4e8b\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u75319\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e24\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u5c48\u6298\uff1api(oq)<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u505a\u201d\uff0ctshorulag(toq)<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u5730\uff0c\u5f88\u574f\u5730\u201d\uff0ctsi(t\u00e4)<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u4f7f\u4ed6\uff08\u505a\uff09\u201d\uff0cta(r\u00e4)<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u53cd\u590d\u5730\uff08\u505a\uff09\u201d\uff0cnginaka<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u201d\uff0cnerer(a)<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\uff08\u505a\uff09\u201d\uff0carkau(g\u00e4)<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u5c06\u8981\u201d\uff0cneri(t\u00e4)<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u4e0d\u201d\uff0ctshugunarka<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e66\u5f00\u5217\u4e86\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u7684200\u591a\u4e2a\u540e\u7f00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bd4\u8f83\u7b80\u6734\u7684\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed\u8bcd\u662f qayar\/pa\/ngq\/tsherk\/og<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u4ed6\u5c06\u6709\u4e00\u8258\u5927\u7684\u6d77\u8c79\u76ae\u8239\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed\u7ed9\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u8bcd\u6839\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1akajako<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6d77\u8c79\u76ae\u8239\uff09\u3002\u628a\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u9010\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u51fa\u6765\u662f\u201c\u6d77\u8c79\u76ae\u8239\/\u5927\/\u6709\/\u5c06\/\u4ed6\u201d\u3002\u8981\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528 kajakeghavi<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u201c\u6d77\u8c79\u76ae\u5927\u8239\u4e4b\u6709\u201d\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff1a\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u51b3\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u666e\u901a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u9ad8\u4e0d\u4f4e\uff0c\u4ecb\u4e8e\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\u548c\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u62bd\u6837\uff08\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\u8bed\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b97\u51fa\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\uff08\u6216\u8005\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u5f62\u7d20\uff09\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u3002\u7efc\u5408\u6307\u6570\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u662f M\/V<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u5373\u5f62\u4f4d\u6570\uff08M<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u9664\u4ee5\u8bcd\u6570\uff08V=100<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u62bd\u6837\u4e2d\u6d4b\u7b97\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6307\u6570\u603b\u662f\u57281.80\u20142.05\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e4b\u300a\u57fa\u7840\u00b7\u5e8f\u8a00\u300b\u5f00\u5934100\u4e2a\u8bcd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e862.02\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6307\u6570\u3002\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\u5f15\u8bc1\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed<\/td>\n3.72<\/td>\n\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u8bed<\/td>\n2.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u68b5\u8bed<\/td>\n2.59<\/td>\n\u82f1\u8bed<\/td>\n1.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u5229\u8bed<\/td>\n2.55<\/td>\n\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed<\/td>\n1.52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u96c5\u5e93\u7279\u8bed<\/td>\n2.17<\/td>\n\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/td>\n1.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\uff08\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\u662f1.00\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u660e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4ec5\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\u3002\uff09\u6211\u6709\u70b9\u513f\u60ca\u5947\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5f88\u4f4e\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u8bcd\u6709\u8bcd\u6839\u548c\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8bcd\u6c47\u5355\u5b50\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5355\u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u8bcd\uff08\u7528\u300a\u8bed\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u53eb\u6cd5\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u8bcd\u6839\uff09\u592a\u5e38\u7528\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u9ad8\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/a>3.8 \u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u8bcd\u7f00<\/h2>\n

\u8fd9\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u5305\u542b\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u521a\u624d\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u91cc\u9664\u4e86\u8bcd\u6839\u548c\u8bcd\u5c3e\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u201c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u4f4d\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u4e3a\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u8bcd\u7f00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u8bcd\u7f00\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u67f4\u95e8\u970d\u592b\u7684\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u51ed\u7740\u8bcd\u7f00\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5341\u51e0\u4e2a\u524d\u7f00\u548c\u4e09\u5341\u51e0\u4e2a\u540e\u7f00\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u56db\u5341\u51e0\u4e2a\u540e\u7f00\u2014\u2014\u51ed\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u8bcd\u7f00\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4fbf\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u6781\u5176\u9ad8\u660e\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u7684\u8bcd\u5e93\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u8f7b\u800c\u6613\u4e3e\u5730\u5c31\u80fd\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5e93\u3002\u74e6\u4f26\u9509\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u8bcd\u7f00\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6700\u660e\u663e\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u201c\u662f\u6784\u8bcd\u6cd5\u7684\u6781\u5176\u7b80\u5355\u548c\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u540c\u6b27\u6d32\u51e0\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u6d3e\u751f\u65b0\u8bcd\u65f6\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u53d8\u5f02\u548c\u6beb\u65e0\u89c4\u5219\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\uff01\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u628a\u5b66\u4e60\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u540c\u5c06\u82f1\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e00\u4e0b\u5427\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u8bfe\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff1b\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u8bcd\u7f00\u53ca\u5176\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u5b66\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u8bcd\uff0c\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\u52a8\u8bcd man\u011di<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5403\uff09\u5427\u3002\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7531\u8bcd\u6839 man\u011d-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u6784\u6210\u3002\u4ed6\u7acb\u5373\u5c31\u80fd\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u5927\u5806\u522b\u7684\u8bcd\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4ed6\u5f80\u5f80\u6839\u672c\u7528\u4e0d\u7740\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e92\u76f8\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u80fd\u8bf4\u51fa\u201c\u5403\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1aman\u011do<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u201c\u5403\u996d\u201d\uff0c\u540d\u8bcd\uff09\u3002\u90a3\u5403\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f man\u011da\u0135o<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u98df\u7269\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5b66\u4e86\u52a8\u8bcd to eat<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5403\uff09\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6781\u4e86\uff08\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u662f\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u7684\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u73b0\u5728\u8fd8\u5f97\u5b66\u4e60\u8868\u793a\u5403\u996d\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff08a meal<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e00\u987f\u996d\uff09\u548c\u8868\u793a\u98df\u7269\u7684\u8bcd\uff08food<\/i><\/em>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u52a8\u8bcd to eat<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u8bcd\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u5206\u522b\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5728\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53ef\u6570\u540d\u8bcd\uff08\u5176\u4e0d\u53ef\u6570\u7684\u540c\u97f3\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u201c\u7c97\u7c89\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6570\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u522b\u60f3\u6210\u529f\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u82f1\u8bed\u540d\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u51fa I should like some food<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u201c\u6211\u60f3\u8981\u70b9\u5403\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u8bf4 *I should like a food<\/i><\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u548c I should like a meal<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u201c\u6211\u60f3\u5403\u987f\u996d\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u8bf4 *I should like some meal<\/i><\/em>\uff1a\u9664\u975e\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u662f\u7c97\u7c89\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u5403\u201d\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u6027\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u4e0d\u6210\u95ee\u9898\uff1aman\u011dado<\/i><\/em>\uff0ceating<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e5f\u90fd\u80fd\u9a6c\u4e0a\u9020\u51fa\u8868\u793a\u201c\u548c\u5403\u6709\u5173\u7684\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\uff0c\u5373\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684 man\u011da<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684 eating<\/i><\/em>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4f4d\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u7ee7\u7eed\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u9020\u51fa man\u011dejo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u996d\u5385\uff09\uff0cman\u011dujo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u996d\u76d2\uff09\uff0cman\u011dilaro<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e00\u5957\u9910\u5177\uff09\u3002\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u5374\u6ee1\u5934\u5927\u6c57\u5730\u53bb\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e71\u6784\u6210\u7684 dining-hall<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6216 canteen<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u996d\u5385\uff09\u3001manger<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u996d\u76d2\uff09\u3001cutlery<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6216 crockery<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e00\u5957\u9910\u5177\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f man\u011debla<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u5403\u7684\uff09\u3001man\u011dinda<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u503c\u5f97\u5403\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f man\u011denda<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5e94\u8be5\u5403\u7684\uff09\uff1b\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f man\u011dema<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u60f3\u5403\u7684\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u91cc\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u8868\u793a\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5403\u7684\u201d\u7684\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u89c4\u5219\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u5927\u5e38\u7528\u2014\u2014eatable<\/i><\/em>\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u5e38\u7528\u2014\u2014edible<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u793a\u201c\u503c\u5f97\u5403\u7684\u201d\u7684\u8bcd\uff1b\u8868\u793a\u201c\u60f3\u5403\u7684\u201d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f hungry<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u997f\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\u90fd\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u9020\u8bcd\uff1aman\u011deto<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5c0f\u5403\uff0c\u5feb\u9910\uff09\u5566\u3001man\u011deti<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5c11\u5403\uff0c\u98df\u6b32\u4e0d\u632f\u5730\u5403\uff09\u5566\u3001man\u011degi<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5927\u5403\uff09\u5566\u3001man\u011da\u0109i<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e71\u5403\uff0c\u5403\u5149\uff09\u5566\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u8981\u5b66\uff1aa snack<\/i><\/em>\uff0cto nibble<\/i><\/em>\uff0cto eat heartily<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u201c\u8877\u5fc3\u5730\u5403\u201d\uff09\uff0cto<\/i><\/em>\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026\u4f60\u8bf4\u5b9e\u8bdd\uff09\u2026\u2026\u6216\u8005\u201cverkolas interesan monografion<\/i><\/em>\u201d\uff08\u8981\u5199\u51fa\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u4e13\u8bba\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u6700\u660e\u663e\u5730\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e86\u7684\u540e\u7f00\u662f\u8868\u793a\u4ea4\u4e92\u6027\u7684\u540e\u7f00\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u70b9\u81c3\u80bf\u7684\uff09\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u7528\u526f\u8bcd reciproke<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c\u53cd\u8eab\u4ee3\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u7528\u5947\u602a\u7684\u7701\u7565\u6027\u77ed\u8bed unu la alian<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca unu al la alia<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 \u0109iuj sin reciproke komprenas<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4e92\u76f8\u4e86\u89e3\uff09\uff1bkomprenante unu la alian<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e92\u76f8\u4e86\u89e3\u5730\uff09\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u7528 inter si<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\uff08Kalocsay k Waringhien 1958: \u00a7291\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u201c\u4e86\u89e3\u201d\u662f ukuqonda<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u800c ukuqondana<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u201c\u4e92\u76f8\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e86\u89e3\u201d\u3002Nithandan\u00e9lani<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5f97\u6b63\u786e\u4e9b\uff0c\u53e5\u5b50\uff09\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f60\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u7231\uff1f\u201d\uff1ani-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u201d\uff1b-thand-<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u7231\u201d\uff1b-an-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u8868\u793a\u201c\u4e92\u76f8\u201d\uff1b-el-<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e0e\u683c\u6807\u8bb0\uff09\u201c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u201d\uff1b-a-<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u6001\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff1bni<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u603b\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5f62\u6001\u5b66\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff1a<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u6781\u7aef\u7c98\u5408\u578b\u7684\uff1b<\/li>\n
  2. \u7a0d\u5fae\u5e26\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\uff1b<\/li>\n
  3. \u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u4f4d\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\uff1b<\/li>\n
  4. \u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u9012\u53d8\u548c\u4e00\u79cd\u53d8\u66f4\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u6027\u7528\u4e8e\u8bcd\u6c47\u76ee\u7684\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u53e5\u6cd5\u76ee\u7684\u8f83\u5c11\u3002\u5b83\u7528\u8bcd\u7f00\u4f7f\u9020\u8bcd\u53d8\u5f97\u5bb9\u6613\uff1b\u4f46\u9020\u53e5\u65f6\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u51e0\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u8bcd\u5c3e\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5b83\u4e0d\u7528\u8bcd\u7f00\u5728\u52a8\u8bcd\u91cc\u8868\u793a\u4e3b\u8bed\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7528\u8bcd\u7f00\u6765\u628a\u80af\u5b9a\u53e5\u53d8\u4e3a\u7591\u95ee\u53e5\u3002\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u6027\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u514b\u00b7\u67f4\u95e8\u970d\u592b\u7684\u5929\u624d\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u90fd\u8d2c\u4f4e\u7c98\u5408\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u663e\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e0d\u628a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u63a8\u5411\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u7c98\u5408\u6027\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u6781\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u53c2\u8003\u6750\u6599<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Greenberg 1960, 1963.<\/p>\n

    \u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\uff1aPring 1950; Mirambel 1969.<\/p>\n

    \u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\uff1aLewis 1953.<\/p>\n

    \u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\uff1aKennedy 1962.<\/p>\n

    \u7956\u9c81\u8bed\uff1aRycroft \u548c Ngcobo \u5408\u8457 1976, Doke \u548c Vilakazi \u5408\u8457 1953.<\/p>\n

    \u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed\uff1aHinz 1944.<\/p>\n

    \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u5f62\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u89c1\u4e0b\u65873.1\u20143.5\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n

    \u2461<\/sup>\u00a0\u201c\u51c0\u8bcd\u6839\u201d\u6307\u4e0d\u5e26\u4efb\u4f55\u8bcd\u7f00\u6216\u8bcd\u5c3e\u7684\u8bcd\u6839\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n

    \u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u79f0\u5f62\u4f4d\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u4ee3\u8bcd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u662f\u793a\u610f\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n

    \u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d -o<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u540d\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff0c-j<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u590d\u6570\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff0c-n<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u662f\u5bf9\u683c\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff0c\u5747\u53ef\u5206\u522b\u79bb\u6790\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n

    \u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u6211\u662f\u5728\u201c\u6700\u5c0f\u6784\u8bcd\u6210\u5206\uff08\u8bcd\u7d20\uff09\u201d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5f62\u4f4d\u201d\uff08morfemo\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u60ef\u7528\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002PIV \u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u7565\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u90a3\u6837\u4e00\u6765\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bcd\u4e2d\u5c31\u53ea\u6709 o, j, n<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u8868\u793a\u201c\u540d\u8bcd\u201d\u3001\u201c\u590d\u6570\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5bf9\u683c\u201d\uff09\u662f\u5f62\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c klub<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff09\u548c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u53ca\u7684 eks<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\uff0c\u79bb\u804c\u7684\uff1b\u9614\u8fc7\u7684\uff09\u3001an<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6210\u5458\uff09\u90fd\u672c\u5e94\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4e49\u4f4d\u201d\uff08semantemo\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5f62\u4f4d\u201d\u548c\u9a6c\u4e01\u5185\u672f\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u7b26\u7d20\u201d\uff08\u8bed\u7d20\uff0cmoneme\uff0c\u89c1 Duc Goninaz 1976:153\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5206\u8282\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5355\u4f4d\u201d\u3002\u6211\u5b81\u613f\u7528\u201c\u5f62\u4f4d\u201d\u6765\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u201c\u7b26\u7d20\u201d\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5f62\u4f4d\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u5f97\u5f88\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9a6c\u4e01\u5185\u90a3\u4e00\u6d3e\u4eba\u4e0d\u7528\uff08\u89c1 Dubois \u7b49\u8457\uff0c1973:324\u2014325\uff09\u3002\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6ce8\u3002
    \n\u8bd1\u6309\uff1a\u9a6c\u4e01\u5185\uff08A. Martinet\uff0c1908\u2014\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u5177\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u5206\u8282\u7684\u4ea4\u9645\u5de5\u5177\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5206\u8282\u5c06\u7528\u4ee5\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8981\u7d20\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u6240\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u7b26\u53f7\u5373\u7b26\u7d20\uff1b\u7b26\u7d20\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u540c\u53ef\u4ee5\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u5f62\u5f0f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u97f3\u5f62\u5f0f\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u97f3\u4f4d\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5206\u8282\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u300a\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u8bd1\u4e1b\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f91\uff1b\u9a6c\u4e01\u5185\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u65ad\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5f62\u4f4d\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5f62\u6001\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fa8\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u6b63\u5982\u97f3\u4f4d\u662f\u97f3\u7cfb\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fa8\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5355\u4f4d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

    \u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u6211\u4eec\u4ece uku\/phamuk\/a<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u63ed\u9732\uff09\u53ea\u5f97\u5230 uku\/phamuk\/w\/a<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\uff09\uff0c\u4ece uku\/qephuz\/a<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u52b2\u5934\u5341\u8db3\u5730\u5e72\uff0c\u6ed4\u6ed4\u4e0d\u7edd\u5730\u8bf4\uff09\u53ea\u5f97\u5230 uku\/qephuz\/w\/a<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u88ab\u6ed4\u6ed4\u4e0d\u7edd\u5730\u9648\u8ff0\uff09\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u671f\u5f85\u7684 *uku\/phanvuk\/w\/a<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c *uku\/qesh-uz\/w\/a<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u66ff\u770b\u6210\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u3002\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ee5 homon<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e3a\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e\u7c98\u5408\u6307\u6570\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u4e4b\u95f4\u754c\u9650\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6545 A\/J=1.00<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n

    \u2461<\/sup>\u00a0\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u662f\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u7c98\u5408\u5316\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u4f4d\u4e4b\u95f4\u754c\u9650\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u3001\u53d8\u5f02\u6700\u5c11\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n

    \u2462<\/sup>\u00a0\u96c5\u5e93\u7279\u8bed\u662f\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u65cf\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n

    \u4e0a\u4e00\u7ae0<\/a> \u56de\u76ee\u5f55<\/a> \u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0<\/a><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u5f62\u6001\u5b66 3.1 \u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\u3001\u7c98\u5408\u8bed\u3001\u7194\u5408\u8bed \u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u672b\u5c3e\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7ed3\u6784\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u662f\u5f62\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u3002\u2460\u8fd9\u2026 \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb Legi pli »<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":12821,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12838"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12838"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12838\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20930,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12838\/revisions\/20930"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12821"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12838"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}