{"id":12840,"date":"2022-11-09T12:33:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-09T04:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/?page_id=12840"},"modified":"2026-10-23T11:13:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-23T03:13:58","slug":"iii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/esperantologio\/lingvistikaj-aspektoj-de-esperanto\/iii\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5b66\u6982\u8bba \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u8bed\u97f3\u5b66<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h2><a id=\"1\"><\/a>2.1 \u97f3\u4f4d<\/h2>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31 kiso\uff08\u63a5\u543b\uff09\u3001kaso\uff08\u94b1\u67dc\uff09\u3001kuzo\uff08\u5802\u5144\u5f1f\uff09\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\uff08\u6216\u8005\u5982\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a<ruby style=\"ruby-position: 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\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f02\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<sup>\u2461<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7528 [\u014b] \u8fd9\u4e2a\u97f3\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u51b3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5b83\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e13\u7528\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u62fc\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u5efa\u8bae\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u591a\u4f59\u7684\uff08\u53c2\u770b\u54c8\u5c14\u7ef4\u5386 Halvelik 1966:14\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u3001\u6377\u514b\u8bed\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u3001\u5fb7\u8bed\u3001\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u5229\u8bed\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f6f\u989a\u97f3 [\u014b] \u548c\u9f7f\uff08\u9f88\uff09\u97f3 [n] \u7684\u533a\u522b\u5219\u786e\u5b9e\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u6211\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u800c\u8bba\uff0c[\u03b8\u026a\u014b]\uff08thing\uff0c\u4e8b\u60c5\uff09\u548c [\u03b8\u026an]\uff08thin\uff0c\u8584\u7684\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u533a\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7528\u8f6f\u989a\u97f3 [\u014b] \u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7528\u9f7f\u9f88\u97f3 [n] \u7ed3\u5c3e\uff08\u6587\u5b57\u4e0a\u62fc\u4f5c thing \u548c thin\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c<em><i>rang<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u54cd\uff09\u548c <em><i>ran<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u8dd1\uff09\uff0c<em><i>banger<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u97ad\u70ae\uff09\u548c <em><i>banner<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u65d7\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<sup>\u2462<\/sup>\u5728\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u5229\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u522b\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f46\u5728\u8bcd\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u548c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3001\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u8bcd\u7684\u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u522b\u90fd\u6709\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"2\"><\/a>2.2 \u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8bed\u97f3\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u670928\u4e2a\u97f3\u4f4d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d5\u4e2a\u662f\u5143\u97f3\uff0c23\u4e2a\u662f\u8f85\u97f3\uff0c<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u5982\u4e0b\u9762\u88681\u6240\u793a\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5355\u8bcd\u91cd\u97f3\u6beb\u65e0\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u843d\u5728\u5012\u6570\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u97f3\u8282\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u88681 \u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u97f3\u4f4d\u8868<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u5507\u97f3<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u9f7f\u97f3<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u9f7f\u9f88\u97f3<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u786c\u989a\u97f3<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u8f6f\u989a\u97f3<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u58f0\u95e8\u97f3<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7206\u7834\u97f3<\/td>\n<td>p b<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>t d<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>k g<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7834\u64e6\u97f3<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>c \/ts\/<\/td>\n<td>\u0109 \/t\u0283\/<\/td>\n<td>\u011d \/d\u0292\/<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6469\u64e6\u97f3<\/td>\n<td>f v<\/td>\n<td>s z<\/td>\n<td>\u015d \/\u0283\/ \u0135 \/\u0292\/<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\u0125 \/x\/<\/td>\n<td>h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9f3b\u97f3<\/td>\n<td>m<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>n<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6d41\u97f3<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>l r<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u534a\u5143\u97f3<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>j<\/td>\n<td>\u016d \/w\/<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><b>\u5143\u97f3\uff1a<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u524d\u5143\u97f3<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u540e\u5143\u97f3\uff08\u5706\u5507\u97f3\uff09<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7a84<\/td>\n<td>i<\/td>\n<td>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e2d<\/td>\n<td>e<\/td>\n<td>o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bbd<\/td>\n<td>a<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u6ce8\uff1a\u97f3\u6807\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u6709\uff1ac \/ts\/\uff0c\u0109 \/t\u0283\/\uff0c\u011d \/d\u0292\/\uff0c\u0135 \/\u0292\/\uff0c\u015d \/\u0283\/\uff0c\u0125 \/x\/\uff0c\u016d \/w\/\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u88681\u7684\u5404\u680f\u8868\u793a\u53d1\u97f3\u90e8\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u6c14\u6d41\u9020\u6210\u963b\u788d\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u5668\u5b98\u6240\u5728\u4e4b\u53e3\u8154\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5507\u97f3\u662f\u7528\u5634\u5507\u53d1\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u97f3\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u7c7b\u97f3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u540d\u79f0\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u5404\u76f8\u5e94\u53d1\u97f3\u90e8\u4f4d\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u540d\u79f0\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8868\u4e2d\u5404\u6a2a\u6392\u8868\u793a\u53d1\u97f3\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u53d1\u97f3\u5668\u5b98\u5bf9\u6c14\u6d41\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u963b\u788d\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u7206\u7834\u97f3\u65f6\uff0c\u53d1\u97f3\u5668\u5b98\u7a81\u7136\u963b\u6b62\u6c14\u6d41\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u628a\u5b83\u653e\u51fa\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u7834\u64e6\u97f3\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6c14\u6d41\u662f\u4e00\u70b9\u4e00\u70b9\u5730\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u7ee7\u53d1\u7684\u6c14\u6d41\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6761\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u901a\u9053\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u6469\u64e6\u97f3\u65f6\uff0c\u6c14\u6d41\u540c\u6837\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6761\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u524d\u8ff0\u90a3\u79cd\u4e2d\u65ad\u6c14\u6d41\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u9f3b\u97f3\u65f6\uff0c\u6c14\u6d41\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9f3b\u5b54\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6d41\u97f3\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6709\u70b9\u96be\u4e0b\uff09\u662f [l]\u3001[r] \u6216\u8005\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u97f3\u3002\u5143\u97f3\u5f00\u53e3\u5ea6\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8e\u53e3\u76d6\u548c\u820c\u5934\u4e0a\u8868\u9762\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\u53d1\u5706\u5507\u97f3\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u7247\u5634\u5507\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5706\u5708\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u62fc\u5199\u65f6 \/ts\/ \u5199\u4f5c c\uff0c\/t\u0283\/ \u4f5c \u0109\uff0c\/d\u0292\/ \u4f5c \u011d\uff0c\/\u0292\/ \u4f5c \u0135\uff0c\/\u0283\/ \u4f5c \u015d\uff0c\/x\/ \u4f5c \u0125\uff0c\/w\/ \u4f5c \u016d\uff1b\u8868\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u97f3\u4f4d\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u62fc\u5199\u6cd5\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u89c4\u5219\u7684\uff1a\u8d2f\u5f7b\u4e86\u97f3\u4f4d\u548c\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5728\u300a\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u67f4\u95e8\u970d\u592b\uff0c1963\u5e74\u7248\uff0c301\u9875\uff09\u7b2c9\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u66fe\u8bf4\u660e\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u662f\u504f\u79bb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u7684\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\uff082.7\uff09\u63d0\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"3\"><\/a>2.3 \u5404\u79cd\u97f3\u7cfb<\/h2>\n<p>\u67d0\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u53ca\u636e\u4ee5\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u97f3\u4f4d\u914d\u5217\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u5b83\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u97f3\u7cfb\uff09\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6307\u660e\u4e00\u7ec4\u97f3\u4f4d\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u6709\u97f3\u7cfb\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u97f3\u7c7b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u67095\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u8bcd\u7cfb\u5217\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ea\u9760\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u6765\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 <em><i>pira<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u68a8\u7684\uff09\uff0c<em><i>pera<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\uff09\uff0c<em><i>para<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6210\u5bf9\u7684\uff09\uff0c<em><i>pora<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6709\u5b54\u7684\uff09\uff0c<em><i>pura<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7eaf\u51c0\u7684\uff09\uff1b\u6216 <em><i>tino<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u65e0\u76d6\u6c34\u6876\uff09\uff0c<em><i>teno<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6301\u80c6\uff09\uff0c<em><i>tano<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u97a3\u9769\uff09\uff0c<em><i>tono<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u58f0\u8c03\uff09\uff0c<em><i>tuno<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5428\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e94\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709 [pera\u2014pera] \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709 [tuno\u2014tano] \u6216 [para\u2014para] \u90a3\u6837\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u8f85\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u768423\u4e2a\u8f85\u97f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8c61\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u800c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u6765\uff1a<em><i>kapo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5934\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kabo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5730\u89d2\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kato<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u732b\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kado<\/i><\/em>\uff0c<em><i>kako<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u524d\u7f00\uff1a\u574f\u7684\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kago<\/i><\/em>\uff0c<em><i>kaco<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u9634\u830e\uff09\uff0c<em><i>ka\u0109o<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7ca5\uff09\uff0c<em><i>ka\u011do<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7b3c\u5b50\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kafo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5496\u5561\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kavo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6d1e\u7a74\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kaso<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u94b1\u67dc\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kazo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u573a\u5408\uff09\uff0c<em><i>ka\u015do<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u9690\u7792\uff09\uff0c<em><i>ka\u0135o<\/i><\/em>\uff0c<em><i>ka\u0125o<\/i><\/em>\uff0c<em><i>kaho<\/i><\/em>\uff0c<em><i>kamo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u51f8\u8f6e\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kano<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u82a6\u82c7\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kalo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u624b\u8db3\u7684\u8327\uff09\uff0c<em><i>karo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6602\u8d35\uff09\uff0c<em><i>kajo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7801\u5934\uff09\uff0c<em><i>ka\u016do<\/i><\/em>\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8bcd\u5f62\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e0d\u66fe\u5229\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u661f\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e8e\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u63d2\u56fe\u5927\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\uff08PIV\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e8e\u300a\u8bd7\u6b4c\u683c\u5f8b\u6307\u5357\u300b\uff08\u5361\u6d1b\u5bdf\u4f9d\u7b49\u8457\uff0c1968\u5e74\u7248\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a <em><i>rado<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u8f6e\u5b50\uff09\uff0c<em><i>tago<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u65e5\u5b50\uff09\uff0c<em><i>a\u0135o<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\uff0c<em><i>mona\u0125o<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u50e7\u4fa3\uff09\uff0c<em><i>\u015daho<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u738b\uff09\uff0c<em><i>na\u016do<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e5d\u4e2a\u4e00\u4f53\uff09\u4e4b\u7c7b\u540c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u66fe\u5229\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u5f62\u4e92\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002[\u014b] \u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c*<em><i>ka\u011d<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"4\"><\/a>2.4 \u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h2>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u7eb7\u7e41\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ece\u4e24\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4f4d\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u4f4d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u90fd\u6709\u3002\u636e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u5bf9\u7acb\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u662f\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7684\u963f\u5df4\u672d\u8bed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u53ea\u6709 \/i, a\/\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5f02\u4f53\uff0c\u968f\u524d\u540e\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\u800c\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u975e\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u5e72\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5373 \/i, a, u\/\u3002\u53e4\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u53ca\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u514b\u695a\u4e9a\u8bed\u548c\u827e\u9a6c\u62c9\u8bed\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u3002\u4ece\u6839\u636e\u5bbd\u7a84\uff08\u53c8\u53eb\u5f00\u95ed\u6216\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff09\u628a\u5143\u97f3\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u7b49\uff1a\/i, u\/ \u662f\u95ed\uff08\u9ad8\uff09\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u800c \/a\/ \u662f\u5f00\uff08\u4f4e\uff09\u5143\u97f3\u3002\u5176\u6b21 \/i\/\u2014\/u\/ \u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8e\u820c\u7684\u524d\u540e\u548c\u5507\u7684\u5706\u6241\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e94\u4f4d\u7684\uff0c\u5373 \/i, e, a, o, u\/\u3002\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a-\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u4fc4\u8bed\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u8bed\uff0c\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u73ed\u56fe\u8bf8\u8bed\u8a00\u5982\u7855\u90a3\u8bed\u3001\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u548c\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u5229\u8bed\uff0c\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u739b\u96c5\u8bed\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u522b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u3002<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bbd\u7a84\u4e0d\u662f\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd8\u6709\u4e2d\u7b49\uff08\u534a\u9ad8\uff09\u7684 \/e, o\/\u3002\u4e94\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u2014\u2014\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u590d\u5408\u5143\u97f3\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u699c\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u970d\u8d6b\u6d1b\u592b\u9996\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a8\u8350\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u699c\u6837<sup>\u2461<\/sup>\uff08Hohlov 1927\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5730\u914d\u5217\u4e94\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9644\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\u5143\u97f3\u5206\u957f\u77ed\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u548c\u65e5\u8bed\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5143\u97f3\u957f\u5ea6\u5177\u6709\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684 <em><i>m\u0101lum<\/i><\/em>\u00a0[ma:lum]\uff08\u82f9\u679c\uff09\u548c <em><i>m\u0103lum<\/i><\/em>\u00a0[malum]\uff08\u574f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\u7684\u533a\u522b\u770b\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u79cd\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709 5 \u00d7 2 = 10 \u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u540e\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u533a\u522b\u6269\u53ca\u5f00\u53e3\u6700\u5bbd\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u7b49\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u516d\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u524d\u5143\u97f3 \/\u00e6\/ \u548c\u540e\u5143\u97f3 \/\u0251\/ \u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u88682\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u88682 \u5404\u79cd\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf<\/b><\/strong><strong><sup><b>\u2460<\/b><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><b>\u4e09\u4f4d<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u4e94\u4f4d<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u516d\u4f4d<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u4e03\u4f4d<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u516b\u4f4d<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>i u<br \/>\na<\/td>\n<td>i u<br \/>\ne o<br \/>\na<\/td>\n<td>i u<br \/>\ne o<br \/>\n\u00e6 \u0251<\/td>\n<td>i u<br \/>\ne o<br \/>\n\u025b \u0254<br \/>\na<\/td>\n<td>i u<br \/>\ne o<br \/>\n\u025b \u0254<br \/>\na \u0251<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u5bbd\u7a84\u6709\u56db\u7b49\uff0c\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u4e03\u4f4d\u6216\u516b\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5f00\u53e3\u6700\u5bbd\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u7b49\u662f\u5426\u6709\u524d\u540e\u4e4b\u522b\u3002\u4e03\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c1\u4e8e\u52a0\u6cf0\u9686\u8bed\uff0c\u4e5f\u89c1\u4e8e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u5c31\u90a3\u4e9b\u533a\u522b\u7528 [e] \u7684 <em><i>pesca<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u6355\u9c7c\u201d\u548c\u7528 [\u025b] \u7684 <em><i>pesca<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u6843\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u89c1\u4e8e\u975e\u6d32\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u7d22\u6258\u8bed\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u7ea6\u9c81\u5df4\u8bed\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u9644\u52a0\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u9f3b\u5316\u5143\u97f3\u3002\u516b\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u6cd5\u8bed\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u4e5f\u6709\u9f3b\u5316\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5706\u5507\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5fb7\u8bed\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\uff0c\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u5bbd\u7a84\u751a\u81f3\u591a\u4e8e\u56db\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5f00\u53e3\u5ea6\u662f\u548c\u957f\u5ea6\uff08\u6216\u677e\u7d27\u5ea6\uff09\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u8be6\u89c1\u540e\u6587\u3002\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bed\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bf4\u6cd5\u8bed\u3001\u5fb7\u8bed\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u8bf4\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u3001\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u8bed\u6216\u65e5\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u6765\uff0c\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u4ed4\u7ec6\u533a\u522b\u5bbd\u7a84\u5404\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u602a\u7684\u3002\u53c8\u6070\u6070\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684 \/e\/ \u548c \/o\/ \u7684\u5bbd\u7a84\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u65af\u6d1b\u6587\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e3a\u5947\u3002\u5047\u5982\u4f0a\u6717\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u7fa4\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u90a3 \/a\/ \u7684\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u201d\u524d\u540e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u90fd\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u603b\u7231\u900f\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7236\u6bcd\u8bed\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u7b8d\u773c\u201d\u53bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u5bdf\u8fc7\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u524d\u540e\u4e4b\u5206\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e24\u7b49\uff1a\u524d\u5143\u97f3\uff08\/i, e\/ \u4e4b\u7c7b\uff09\u53d1\u97f3\u65f6\u7528\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1b\u4f46\u4e0d\u5bbd\u7684\u540e\u5143\u97f3\uff08\/u, o\/\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709 \/\u0254\/\uff09\u5219\u7528\u5706\u5507\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u5907\u592e\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u524d\u4e0d\u540e\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\u524d\u540e\u5c31\u5206\u51fa\u4e09\u7b49\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u592e\u5143\u97f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u7684 <em><i>another<\/i><\/em>\u00a0[\u0259\u02c8n\u028c\u00f0\u0259]\uff08\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\uff09\u91cc\u542c\u5230\u3002\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u67096\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u5373\u88682\u6240\u5217\u76845\u4e2a\uff08\/i, e, a, o, u\/\uff09\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e2d\u592e\u5143\u97f3 \/\u0259\/\uff08\u6587\u5b57\u7b26\u53f7\u4e3a \u012d\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u67097\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9ad8\u592e\u5143\u97f3 \/\u0268\/ \u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u5143\u97f3 \/\u0259\/\uff08\u6587\u5b57\u7b26\u53f7\u4e3a \u00ee \u548c \u0103\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"5\"><\/a>2.5 \u5143\u97f3\u7684\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81<\/h2>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u51b3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u901a\u4f8b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\uff0c\u540e\u5143\u97f3\u5e94\u8be5\u5706\u5507\uff08\u5982\u679c\u662f\u4f4e\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u5728\u6b64\u9650\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u548c\u5706\u6241\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u5706\u5507\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u8bed\u548c\u5fb7\u8bed\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a\u4e0d\u4f46\u6709 \/i, e\/ \u548c \/u, o\/\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709 \/y, \u00f8\/\uff08\u6cd5\u8bed <em><i>du<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u2026\u2026\u7684\u201d\uff0c<em><i>deux<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u4e8c\u201d\uff1b\u5fb7\u8bed <em><i>T\u00fcten<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u7eb8\u888b\u201d\uff0c<em><i>t\u00f6ten<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u6740\u6b7b\u201d\uff09\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u6bd4\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u66f4\u7528\u529b\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5634\u5507\uff1a\u5728\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u5706\u5507\u6027\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u5706\u5507\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u663e\u5f97\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82ac\u5170\u8bed\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4e0b\u9762\u88683\u6240\u793a\u3002\u5728\u82ac\u5170\u8bed\u4e2d\u662f8\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u97f3\u4f4d\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u522b\u957f\u77ed\u8fd8\u8981\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u500d\uff09\uff1a6\u4e2a\u5982\u88682\u6240\u5217\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5706\u5507\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\u670910\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u5bbd\u7a84\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u7b49\uff0c\u5f00\u53e3\u6700\u5bbd\u4e00\u7b49\u53ea\u6709 \/a\/\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u4e09\u7b49\u5404\u67093\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\uff1a1\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u524d\u5143\u97f3\uff08\/i, e, \u025b\/\uff09\uff0c1\u4e2a\u5706\u5507\u540e\u5143\u97f3\uff08\/u, o, \u0254\/\uff09\uff0c1\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u540e\u5143\u97f3\uff08\/\u026f, \u0264, \u028c\/\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u88683 \u82ac\u5170\u8bed<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>i<\/td>\n<td>y<\/td>\n<td>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>e<\/td>\n<td>\u00f8<\/td>\n<td>o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00e6<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\u0251<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><b>\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>i<\/td>\n<td>\u026f<\/td>\n<td>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>e<\/td>\n<td>\u0264<\/td>\n<td>o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u025b<\/td>\n<td>\u028c<\/td>\n<td>\u0254<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>a<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u53c8\u6709\u5706\u5507\u524d\u5143\u97f3 \/y, \u00f8\u2026\u2026\/\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u540e\u5143\u97f3 [\u026f, \u0264\u2026\u2026] \u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u662f\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u4e4d\u770b\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u671f\u5f85\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u65b9\u627e\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u88682\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u53c8\u5177\u5907\u5706\u5507\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u540e\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u5982\u88684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u66fe\u53d1\u73b0\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u628a\u540e\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u5706\u5507\u7ed3\u5408\uff08\u4f4e\u5143\u97f3\u9664\u5916\uff09\uff0c\u628a\u524d\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u666e\u904d\u503e\u5411\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u901a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u8bed\u8a00\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u524d\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u97f3\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u7684\u3002\uff08\u5c31\u540e\u5143\u97f3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64\u660e\u786e\uff1a\u5982\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u65e5\u8bed\u7684 \/u\/ \u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u7684\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u65e5\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u5982\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\/i, e, a, o, u\/ \u90fd\u6709\u957f\u77ed\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u88684<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>y<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00f8<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\u0264<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>a<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u7279\u522b\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c1\u4e8e\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u3002\u5b83\u67094\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5143\u97f3\uff1a\/i, y, \u026f, u\/\uff08\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u7b26\u53f7\u4e3a \u0131, u\uff1b\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u7528\u97f3\u6807 [\u0268] \u8868\u793a \/\u026f\/\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u67093\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5143\u97f3 \/e, o, \u00f8\/ \u548c1\u4e2a\u4f4e\u5143\u97f3 \/a\/\u3002\u4ece\u8bed\u97f3\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u914d\u5217\u5982\u88685\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4e2d\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u4f4e\u5143\u97f3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u524d\u540e\u548c\u5706\u6241\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u7684 \/a\/ \u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4f4e\u5143\u97f3\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ece\u97f3\u7cfb\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ad8\u4f4e\u53ea\u5206\u4e24\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u662f\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6570\u503c\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u88686\u7684\u77e9\u9635\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6b63\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e8c\u503c\u7279\u5f81\u53d6\u6b63\u503c\uff0c\u8d1f\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u53d6\u8d1f\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u88685 \u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>i<\/td>\n<td>y<\/td>\n<td>\u026f<\/td>\n<td>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>e<\/td>\n<td>\u00f8<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>a<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><b>\u88686<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>i<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>y<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u026f<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>u<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>e<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u00f8<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>o<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>a<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u524d<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5706<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4f4e<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5927\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u7279\u5f81\u5e76\u975e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5176\u53ef\u533a\u522b\u6027\u56e0\u8bed\u8a00\u800c\u5f02\u3002\u5728\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5706\u5507\u6027\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u533a\u522b\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u548c\u524d\u540e\u65e0\u5173\uff1b\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\uff08\u5c31\u8c61\u5728\u522b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff09\u5b83\u662f\u975e\u533a\u522b\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6309\u89c4\u5f8b\u5fc5\u7136\u53d7\u524d\u540e\u6027\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u5177\u5907\u533a\u522b\u6027\u7684\u5706\u5507\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u7ed9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u8bed\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u522b\u6027\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u7684 \/y, \u00f8\/ \u5bf9\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f \/\u026f, u\/ \u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u5c31\u96be\u4e86\u3002\u67f4\u95e8\u970d\u592b\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u667a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7ed9\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5236\u5b9a \/i, e, a, o, u\/ \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5706\u5507\u53d7\u524d\u540e\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u800c\u53f2\u83b1\u8036\u5c14\u5219\u5f88\u611a\u8822\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d4b\u4e88\u6c83\u62c9\u666e\u514b\u8bed\u5706\u5507\u524d\u5143\u97f3 \u00fc \u548c \u00f6\uff1b<sup>\u2461<\/sup>\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7b28\u4eba\u8fd8\u6709\u54c8\u5c14\u7ef4\u5386\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u628a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u97f3\u5f15\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\uff08Halvelik 1966:114\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u628a\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u6487\u5f00\u4e0d\u8c08\uff0c\u9ad8\u4f4e\u548c\u524d\u540e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u533a\u522b\u6027\u7684\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u6709\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u3002\u5706\u5507\uff0c\u5c31\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\u5230\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u533a\u522b\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u5143\u97f3\u7279\u5f81\u5219\u6709\u65f6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u5177\u6709\u533a\u522b\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u5177\u6709\u533a\u522b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u957f\u77ed\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u662f\u533a\u522b\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6377\u514b\u8bed\u548c\u65e5\u8bed\u7684\u65e0\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6709 2\u00d75 \u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\uff1a\/i, i:, e, e:, a, a:, o, o:, u, u:\/\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u77ed\u5143\u97f3\u4f3c\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u5404\u97f3\u4e0a\u4e5f\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u957f\u5143\u97f3\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\uff08<em><i>Bienen<\/i><\/em>\u00a0[i:]\u201c\u871c\u8702\u201d\uff0c<em><i>binnen<\/i><\/em>\u00a0[\u026a]\u201c\u5728\u2026\u2026\u5185\u201d\uff09\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u957f\u77ed\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u4e00\u5bf9\u97f3\u91cc\u4e0d\u5982\u97f3\u8272\u7684\u533a\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u677e\u7d27\u201d\u7279\u5f81\uff1a<em><i>sheep<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7f8a\uff09\u7528\u201c\u7d27\u7684\u201d[i]\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u51e0\u4e4e\u542c\u4e0d\u51fa\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u957f\u97f3\uff1b<em><i>ship<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u8239\uff09\u7528\u201c\u677e\u7684\u201d[\u026a]\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e2a\u77ed\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9f3b\u97f3\u6027\u5728\u6cd5\u8bed\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u8bed\u3001\u7ea6\u9c81\u5df4\u8bed\u3001\u5370\u5730\u8bed\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u662f\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8bfb <em><i>tr\u00e8s<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5f88\uff09\u4e3a \/tr\u025b\/\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8bfb <em><i>train<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u706b\u8f66\uff09\u4e3a \/tr\u025b\u0303\/\u3002<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"6\"><\/a>2.6 \u5143\u97f3\u7684\u5f02\u8bfb<\/h2>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u514b\u695a\u4e9a\u8bed\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf \/i, u, a\/\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c[e, \u025b, o, \u0254] \u8fd9\u4e9b\u97f3\u7c7b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u5b8c\u5168\u542c\u4e0d\u5230\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u80fd\u542c\u5f97\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u88ab\u5206\u6790\u4e3a \/i, u\/ \u7684\u5f02\u4f53\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\/i\/ \u5728\u90bb\u8fd1\u5c0f\u820c\u97f3 \/q\/ \u65f6\u53d1\u6210 [e]\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bf4\u514b\u695a\u4e9a\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u97f3\u7d20\u53d8\u5f02\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u542c\u8fa8\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u67d0\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u4f53\u73b0\uff08\u8bfb\u97f3\uff09\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u5982\u679c \/u\/ \u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u533a\u522b\u4e8e \/i\/ \u548c \/a\/\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u4fbf\u5730\u6709\u65f6\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a [u]\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a [o]\u3002\u5728\u4e09\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\/i\/ \u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4ece [i] \u7ecf\u8fc7 [e] \u76f4\u5230 [\u025b] \u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bfb\u97f3\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9020\u6210\u5143\u97f3\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e4b\u865e\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u97f3\u7d20\u53d8\u5f02\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d7\u8bed\u97f3\u73af\u5883\u6216\u90bb\u8fd1\u5f62\u4f4d\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u56e0\u8bed\u4f53\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5219\u7eaf\u5c5e\u5076\u7136\u53d8\u5f02\uff09\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u8d8a\u52a0\u7cbe\u786e\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\uff08\u5c31\u6211\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u800c\u8bba\uff09\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8c\u5341\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec12\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u97f3\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u540c\u8bf8\u5982\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u6216\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\uff08\u5177\u6709\u4e94\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u6bd4\u8f83\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u786e\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5927\u5bb6\u5728\u88687\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\/e, \u00e6, \u0251\/ \u5fc5\u987b\u7ec6\u52a0\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u6709\u6df7\u6dc6\u201c\u676f\u5b50\u201d\uff08cup\uff09\u3001\u201c\u5e3d\u5b50\u201d\uff08cap\uff09\u548c\u201c\u9ca4\u9c7c\u201d\uff08carp\uff09\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf4\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u5b66\u8d77\u82f1\u8bed\u6765\uff0c\u8981\u4f5c\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u522b\u662f\u6781\u5176\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\u6240\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u97f3\u542c\u4e0a\u53bb\u90fd\u662f \/a\/ \u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u97f3\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u7684 \/a\/ \u5b9e\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u6beb\u65e0\u5371\u9669\u5730\u5728 [\u00e6\uff5e\u028c\uff5e\u0251] \u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6e38\u79fb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4f4e\u5143\u97f3\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u88687<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>i:<\/td>\n<td>bean<\/td>\n<td>bead<\/td>\n<td>keep<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u026a<\/td>\n<td>bin<\/td>\n<td>bid<\/td>\n<td>kip<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>e<\/td>\n<td>Ben<\/td>\n<td>bed<\/td>\n<td>kep(t)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00e6<\/td>\n<td>ban<\/td>\n<td>bad<\/td>\n<td>cap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u028c<\/td>\n<td>bun<\/td>\n<td>bud<\/td>\n<td>cup<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0251:<\/td>\n<td>barn<\/td>\n<td>bard<\/td>\n<td>carp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0252<\/td>\n<td>Bonn<\/td>\n<td>bod<\/td>\n<td>cop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0254:<\/td>\n<td>born<\/td>\n<td>board<\/td>\n<td>corp(se)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u025c:<\/td>\n<td>burn<\/td>\n<td>bird<\/td>\n<td>curb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>u:<\/td>\n<td>boon<\/td>\n<td>bood(le)<\/td>\n<td>coop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u028a<\/td>\n<td>Buddha<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0259<\/td>\n<td>ban(ana)<\/td>\n<td>cap(acity)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5f02\u8bfb\u7684\u5e45\u5ea6\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u4fc4\u8bed\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf \/i, e, a, o, u\/\u3002\u4f46\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u5f02\u8bfb\uff1b\u800c\u4fc4\u8bed\u7684\u5f02\u8bfb\u5374\u662f\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\uff08\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5143\u97f3\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u91cd\u8bfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u524d\u540e\u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u201c\u8f6f\u786c\u201d\uff09\u3002\u67d0\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5f02\u8bfb\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u60f3\u5b66\u5f97\u4f18\u7f8e\u53d1\u97f3\u6240\u78b0\u5230\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u53ea\u67095\u4e2a\u97f3\uff09\uff1b\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<em><i>peno<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u52aa\u529b\uff09\u5e94\u5f53\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u533a\u522b\u4e8e <em><i>pino<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u677e\u6811\uff09\u548c <em><i>pano<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u9762\u5305\uff09\uff1b\u4f46 <em><i>peno<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d \/e\/ \u7684\u97f3\u8d28\u5e76\u65e0\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u8981\u65e2\u4e0d\u592a\u7a84\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u4f7f\u4eba\u542c\u6210 <em><i>pino<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u592a\u5bbd\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u4f7f\u4eba\u542c\u6210 <em><i>pano<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u5c31\u884c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684 \/e, o\/ \u5236\u8ba2\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5f02\u8bfb\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\u5728\u5f00\u97f3\u8282\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u7528\u8f85\u97f3\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u97f3\u8282\uff09\u91cc\u7528\u8f83\u7a84\u7684\u97f3\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u95ed\u97f3\u8282\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u8f85\u97f3\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u97f3\u8282\uff09\u91cc\u7528\u8f83\u5bbd\u7684\u97f3\u8d28\u3002\u5047\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u628a \/e, o\/ \u7684\u8f83\u7a84\u7684\u97f3\u8bb0\u4f5c [e, o]\uff0c\u628a\u8f83\u5bbd\u7684\u97f3\u8bb0\u4f5c [\u025b, \u0254]\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u5f02\u8bfb\u8868\u793a\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<em><i>veni<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6765\uff09\uff0c<em><i>reto<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7f51\uff09\uff0c<em><i>mono<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u94b1\uff09\uff0c<em><i>oka<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7b2c\u516b\uff09\uff1b<em><i>vendi<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5356\uff09\uff0c<em><i>resto<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u505c\u7559\uff09\uff0c<em><i>mondo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e16\u754c\uff09\uff0c<em><i>ok<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u516b\uff09\u3002\u5236\u5b9a\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u4e66\u6709\u597d\u51e0\u79cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u663e\u8d6b\u7684\u300a\u8bed\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u300b\uff08\u5361\u6d1b\u5bdf\u4f9d\u3001\u74e6\u4f26\u9509\u5408\u8457\uff0c\u7b2c21\u8282\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u5bbd\u7a84\u591a\u4e8e\u4e09\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff1b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8981\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u5bbd\u7a84\u4ec5\u5206\u4e09\u7b49\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\uff08\u6377\u514b\u4eba\u3001\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u4eba\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u5b9e\u884c\u8fd9\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u5ddd\u5d0e\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u300a\u8bed\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u5b9a\u4e0b\u7684\u8fd9\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u964c\u751f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002<sup>\u2460<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u662f\uff1a\u7ed9\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684 \/e, o\/ \u5236\u8ba2\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u8bed\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u5bbd\u7a84\u591a\u4e8e\u4e09\u7b49\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u6240\u5bb9\u5fcd\uff1b\u4f46\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u53d1\u97f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u613f\u610f\u6709 [e, \u025b] \u4e4b\u95f4\u548c [o, \u0254] \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u97f3\u7d20\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c4\u5219\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53d7\u97f3\u8282\u5f00\u95ed\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u5730\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5728 \/e, o\/ \u4e4b\u7c7b\u97f3\u91cc\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5f02\u8bfb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5374\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5728\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u540e\u968f\u97f3\u8282\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u7a84\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u5373 \/i\/ \u6216 \/u\/\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u7528\u8f83\u7a84\u7684 [e] \u6216 [o]\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5219\u7528\u8f83\u5bbd\u7684 [\u025b] \u6216 [\u0254]\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u7956\u9c81\u4eba\u5728\u8bf4\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u65f6\u8bfb\u5fc5\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u662f <em><i>veni<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u4f46 <em><i>vendi<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e5f\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\uff1b<em><i>resto<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u548c <em><i>mondo<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u786e\u5b9e\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u4f46 <em><i>reto<\/i><\/em>\u3001<em><i>mono<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u53c8\u4f55\u5c1d\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u5728\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u5229\u8bed\u4e2d\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u522b\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u9f3b\u97f3\u524d\u7528 [o]\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7528 [\u0254]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u4e2d \/\u02c8\u00f0eno\/\uff08<em><i>\u00f0evu<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u6211\uff09\u548c \/\u02c8en\u00f0ro\/\uff08<em><i>\u00f0evro<\/i><\/em>\uff0c\u6811\uff09\u7684 \/e\/ \u5728\u8bed\u97f3\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002\u53c8\u5982\u5728\u65e5\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\/neda\/\uff08\u5e8a\uff09\u548c \/nenda\/\uff08\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09\u3001\/te-ga\/\uff08\u624b\uff09\u548c \/ten-ga\/\uff08\u5929\uff09\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684 \/e\/ \u662f\u540c\u8d28\u7684\u3002\uff08\u540e\u4e8c\u4f8b\u7684\u8bcd\u5e26\u6709\u683c\u52a9\u8bcd ga\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"7\"><\/a>2.7 \u8bed\u97f3\u52a0\u5de5\uff08\u97f3\u53d8\uff09<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u5171\u65f6\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6216\u8bcd\u7d20\uff08\u6784\u8bcd\u6210\u5206\uff09\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6574\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a0\u5de5\u6709\u8bf8\u5982\u540c\u5316\u3001\u7701\u97f3\u3001\u97f3\u8282\u6eb6\u5408\u3001\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u8c10\u7b49\u540d\u76ee\u3002\u89c4\u5219\u5f02\u8bfb\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u6210\u662f\u52a0\u5de5\uff1a\u5373 <em><i>kiso<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7684 \/k\/ \u5728\u540e\u968f\u5143\u97f3 \/i\/ \u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u6210\u4e3a [k\u032c]\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\u79f0\u4e3a\u5171\u65f6\u7684\uff08\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\uff09\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u672c\u8eab\u7ecf\u5e74\u5386\u5c81\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5386\u65f6\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\uff08\u5386\u53f2\u97f3\u53d8\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u5c11\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u97f3\u7cfb\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5f31\u5316\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u5373\u628a\u6240\u6709\u975e\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u53d8\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u975e\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u522b\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u5c31\u5c11\u4e8e\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\u3002<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u4fc4\u8bed\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u4fc4\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u6548\u7684 \/a\/ \u548c \/o\/ \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u975e\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\u91cc\u5c31\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u5047\u5982\u67d0\u4e2a\u8bf4\u4fc4\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u628a\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u52a0\u5de5\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4f1a\u628a <em><i>afero<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e8b\u60c5\uff09\u548c <em><i>ofero<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u727a\u7272\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u628a <em><i>akcidento<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4e8b\u6545\uff09\u548c <em><i>okcidento<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u897f\u65b9\uff09\u8bfb\u6210\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8bcd\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u4e24\u5bf9\u8bcd\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4fc4\u8bed\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\u5e94\u5f53\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u8bf4\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u65f6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u5143\u97f3\u5f31\u5316\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u97f3\u8282\u6eb6\u5408\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\uff08\u4e5f\u53eb\u975e\u97f3\u8282\u5316\uff09\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u97f3\u8282\u5316\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u4e0d\u91cd\u8bfb\u800c\u53c8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u4e4b\u524d\u7684 \/i\/ \u6216 \/u\/ \u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u97f3\u8282\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u548c \/j\/ \u6216 \/w\/ \u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e60\u60ef\u5e26\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u6765\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u628a <em><i>regiono<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5730\u533a\uff09\u8bfb\u6210\u597d\u8c61 <em><i>re\u011diono<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u628a <em><i>jaguaro<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7f8e\u6d32\u8c79\uff09\u8bfb\u6210\u597d\u8c61 <em><i>jag\u016daro<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u533a\u522b\u4e0d\u4e86 <em><i>koloniano<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u4fa8\u6c11\uff09\u548c <em><i>kolonjano<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u4f26\u4eba\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u97f3\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u5199\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bcd\u8bfb\u6210\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u62fc\u6cd5\u89c4\u5219\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u65872.2\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8981\u907f\u514d\u628a\u7236\u6bcd\u8bed\u4e2d\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\u5e26\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u6765\uff0c\u53c8\u8c08\u4f55\u5bb9\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0e\u62fc\u5f0f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u51e0\u5904\u8be5\u8fde\u7eed\u4f7f\u7528\u6e05\u6d4a\u8f85\u97f3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff08\u5982 <em><i>akvo<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u6c34\u201d\uff0c<em><i>absoluta<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u201d\uff09\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f4d\u6216\u8bcd\u7684\u754c\u7ebf\u4e24\u8fb9\uff08\u5982 <em><i>subtaso<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u8336\u6258\u201d\uff0c<em><i>okdek<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u516b\u5341\u201d\uff0c<em><i>vidas \u011din<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u770b\u89c1\u5b83\u201d\uff09\u3002\u6cd5\u8bed\u3001\u4fc4\u8bed\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u79cd\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u573a\u5408\u91cc\u6709\u6e05\u6d4a\u540c\u5316\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\uff1a\u56e0\u800c\u4eba\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u5e94\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u5373\u8bfb\u6210\u597d\u8c61 <em><i>agvo<\/i><\/em>\u3001<em><i>apsoluta<\/i><\/em>\u3001<em><i>suptaso<\/i><\/em>\u3001<em><i>ogdek<\/i><\/em>\u3001<em><i>vidaz \u011din<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u90a3\u6837\u3002<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u7279\u522b\u53cd\u611f\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u6e05\u6d4a\u540c\u5316\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bb9\u6613\u5fcd\u53d7 \/kv, bs, bt, kd, s\u011d\/ \u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\u7ec4\u5408\uff08\u5982 <em><i>back vowel<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u540e\u5143\u97f3\u201d\uff0c<em><i>absolute<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u201d\uff0c<em><i>subtract<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u6263\u9664\u201d\uff0c<em><i>book-debt<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u5e10\u9762\u8d1f\u503a\u201d\uff0c<em><i>misjudge<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u9519\u5ba1\u201d\uff09\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u8bf4\u6cd5\u8bed\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6e05\u6d4a\u540c\u5316\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u3001\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u540c\u5316\u53ea\u5728\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u573a\u5408\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bef\u89e3\uff08\u5982\u628a <em><i>subtaso<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u8336\u6258\u201d\u8bfb\u6210 <em><i>supasto<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6c64\u676f\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u6982\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u5fcd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u5b9c\u63d0\u5021\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u4e0d\u5b9c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e2d\u95f4\u63d0\u5021\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bfb\u5fc5\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e13\u95e8\u5b66\u4e60\u624d\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u53d1\u97f3\uff01<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"8\"><\/a>2.8 \u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f85\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6bd4\u5143\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\uff08\u7ecf\u5e38\uff09\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8f83\u5dee\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6761\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u6765\uff08\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\u88681\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8f85\u97f3\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff08\u89c1\u88688\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u7565\u53bb\u4e86 j \u548c \u016d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u97f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u975e\u6210\uff08\u97f3\uff09\u8282\u5143\u97f3\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u88688 \u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>p<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>b<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>t<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>d<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>k<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>g<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>f<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>v<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>s<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>z<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u015d<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u0135<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u0125<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>h<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>c<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u0109<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u011d<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>m<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>n<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>r<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>l<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u54cd\u97f3<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5ef6\u7eed<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9664\u963b\u8fdf\u6ede<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9f3b<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53e3\u8154\u524d<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u820c\u9876<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6d4a<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>\u2212<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<td>+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\u97f3\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u75287\u4e2a\u4e8c\u503c\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\u3002<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u5728\u88688\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u680f\uff08\u5373\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\u4f4d\uff09\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u680f\uff08\u5373\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\u4f4d\uff09\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6c14\u6d41\u81ea\u7531\u9038\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8f85\u97f3\u5c31\u662f\u54cd\u97f3\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5728\u820c\u4e2d\u7ebf\u901a\u8fc7\u53e3\u8154\u7684\u6c14\u6d41\u4ece\u672a\u505c\u7559\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u51fa\u5ef6\u7eed\u97f3\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6c14\u6d41\u4ea7\u751f\u6742\u4e71\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u51fa\u9664\u963b\u8fdf\u6ede\u97f3\uff08\u6211\u5b81\u53ef\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u6469\u64e6\u6027\u201d\u6216\u201c\u566a\u97f3\u6027\u201d\uff09\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u97f3\u90e8\u4f4d\u662f\u9f7f\u9f88\u3001\u7259\u9f7f\u6216\u5634\u5507\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u51fa\u53e3\u8154\u524d\u97f3\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u820c\u524d\u90e8\u6216\u820c\u5c16\u62ac\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u51fa\u820c\u9876\u97f3\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u58f0\u5e26\u632f\u52a8\uff08\u6216\u4f34\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u6c14\u6d41\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u51fa\u6d4a\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6e05\u6d4a\u7684\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81\uff08p\uff5eb\uff0ct\uff5ed\uff0ck\uff5eg\uff0cf\uff5ev\uff0cs\uff5ez\uff0c\u015d\uff5e\u0135\uff0c\u0125\uff5eh\uff09\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u8981\u6309\u7167\u300a\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c15\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u91c7\u7528\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u7684\u8bcd\u6839\u53ef\u5c31\u96be\u4e86\u3002<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u6709\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u9760\u9001\u6c14\u4e0d\u9001\u6c14\u6765\u533a\u5206\u8f85\u97f3\u97f3\u4f4d\uff08\/t\u02b0\uff5et\/ \u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5370\u5730\u8bed\u3001\u6cf0\u8bed\u3001\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u3002<sup>\u2461<\/sup>\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u5219\u9760\u4ea7\u751f\u53d1\u97f3\u6240\u9700\u6c14\u6d41\u7684\u673a\u5236\u6765\u533a\u522b\u8f85\u97f3\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u56fe\u7ef4\u91cc\u8bed\u3001\u514b\u695a\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u827e\u9a6c\u62c9\u8bed\u6709\u5347\u5589\u6324\u6c14\u97f3\uff08\/t\u02bc\/\uff0c\u4e0e \/t\/ \u5bf9\u7acb\uff09\uff0c\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u548c\u5e03\u987b\u66fc\u8bed\u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u642d\u5634\u7eb3\u6c14\u97f3\uff08\/t\/\uff0c\u4e0e \/t\/ \u5bf9\u7acb\uff09\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7f55\u89c1\u60c5\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u786c\u989a\u9f7f\u9f88\u97f3\uff08\u6587\u5b57\u7b26\u53f7\u4e3a \u0109\uff0c\u011d\uff0c\u015d\uff0c\u0135\uff09\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u6765\u4e5f\u662f\u56f0\u96be\u91cd\u91cd\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u9f7f\u97f3\u548c\u5377\u820c\u97f3\uff08\u9f7f\u9f88\u540e\u97f3\uff09\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff08\u5982\u5370\u5730\u8bed\u7684 \/t\uff5e\u0288\/ \u4e4b\u7c7b\uff09\u3001\u53cc\u5507\u97f3\u548c\u9f7f\u5507\u97f3\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff08\u57c3\u7ef4\u8bed\u7684 \/\u0278\uff5ef\/ \u4e4b\u7c7b\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8f6f\u989a\u97f3\u548c\u5c0f\u820c\u97f3\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff08\u53e4\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u6216\u514b\u695a\u4e9a\u8bed\u7684 \/k\uff5eq\/ \u4e4b\u7c7b\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u9f7f\u97f3\u548c\u9f7f\u9f88\u97f3\u4e24\u79cd\u6469\u64e6\u97f3\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\u662f\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u96be\u5904\u95fb\u540d\u7684\uff0c\u5982 <em><i>thin<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u8584\u7684\u201d\u548c <em><i>sin<\/i><\/em>\u201c\u7f6a\u8fc7\u201d\u4e2d\u7684 \/\u03b8\uff5es\/\uff09\uff0c<sup>\u2462<\/sup>\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u6b21\u8981\uff08\u9644\u968f\uff09\u53d1\u97f3\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff08\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u56f0\u96be\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u6709\u4fc4\u8bed\u7684\u201c\u8f6f\u201d\u201c\u786c\u201d\u8f85\u97f3\uff0c\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5f3a\u8c03\u201d\u8f85\u97f3\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u96be\u4e3e\u51fa\u4e00\u5927\u5806\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u4e0d\u8bf4\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"9\"><\/a>2.9 \u8bfb\u97f3\u7684\u597d\u574f<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u5982\u5728\u5927\u6982\u6240\u6709\u5e94\u7528\u97f3\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u5207\u8bfb\u97f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u540c\u6837\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u559c\u7231\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u542c\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u54c1\u8bc4\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u5f88\u5dee\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5979\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\u771f\u597d\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6839\u636e\u5417\uff1f\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8bfb\u97f3\u597d\u574f\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u6709\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u60f3\u5728\u773c\u4e0b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u6487\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u6765\u8c08\u4f18\u7f8e\u7c97\u52a3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u662f\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u597d\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u80fd\u4f7f\u64cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\u4e92\u76f8\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u3002\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4fbf\u4e8e\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u9645\u8bed\u6765\u4ea4\u9645\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4e0d\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u4e9b\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u628a \/v\/ \u8bfb\u6210 [\u028b]\uff08\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u6469\u64e6\u7684 [v]\uff09\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c<sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u56e0\u4e3a\u64cd\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bef\u89e3\u5b83\u800c\u542c\u6210 [w]\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f1a\u6df7\u6dc6 <em><i>oro<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u91d1\uff09\u548c <em><i>ovo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u86cb\uff09\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\uff08\u6216\u8bb8\u66f4\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u597d\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u97f3\u7cfb\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u3002\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u533a\u522b\u7531\u62fc\u5f0f\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u5b57\u6bcd\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5bf9\u97f3\u4f4d\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u628a\u5f02\u8bfb\u51cf\u81f3\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u3002\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7ef4\u6301\u62fc\u5199\u548c\u8bfb\u97f3\u4e00\u81f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u679c\u54ea\u4f4d\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6216\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8005\u7adf\u81f3\u5206\u522b\u4e0d\u4e86 \/b\/ \u548c \/v\/\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u660e\u767d\u8fa8\u8ba4\u7684\uff0c\u662f <em><i>bolas<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6fc0\u6602\u8d77\u6765\uff09\u8fd8\u662f <em><i>volas<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u613f\u610f\uff09\uff0c\u662f <em><i>benas<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u795d\u798f\uff09\u8fd8\u662f <em><i>venas<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6765\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u770b\u89c1 <em><i>korbon<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u7bee\u5b50\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u770b\u89c1 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<em><i>alir\u0109ejo<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u8fd1\u9053\uff09\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u628a\u6784\u8bcd\u6210\u5206\u8fd9\u6837\u5206\u5f00\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u6211\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u975e\u8f6f\u989a\u97f3\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u628a \/n\/ \u53d1\u6210 [\u014b]\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0d\u8981\u8bfb <em><i>min<\/i><\/em>\uff08\u6211\uff09\u4e3a [mi\u014b]\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8f7d\u4f53\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u793e\u7fa4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u5206\u6563\u4f46\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u8054\u5408\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u7acb\u573a\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u540c\u8bfb\u97f3\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 \/r\/ 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\u53c2\u8003\u6750\u6599<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6216\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.2\uff0c2.3 \u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u539f\u8457\uff08\u81f3\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6700\u6e05\u6670\u597d\u8bfb\u7684\uff09\uff1aBokarev 1966\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.4 Trubetzkoy 1939a\uff1bO&#8217;Connor 1973\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.5\uff0c2.6 \u963f\u5df4\u672d\u8bed\uff1aAllen 1956\uff0cLomtatidze 1967\uff1b\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\uff1aDoke 1968\uff1a3\u20145\uff1b\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\uff1aChomsky \u548c Halle\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff0cHyman 1975\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.7 \u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\uff1aOkamoto\uff08\u5188\u672c\u597d\u6b21\uff091925\uff1a47\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.8 Chomsky \u548c Halle 1968\uff1bLadefoged 1971\uff0c1975\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.9 \u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8f7d\u4f53\uff1aLapenna\uff081950\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff0c1974\uff1a2.3.3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u67f4\u95e8\u970d\u592b\u6b64\u5904\u628a\u201c\u97f3\u4f4d\u201d\u548c\u201c\u97f3\u7d20\u201d\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\uff0c\u6545\u4e91\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2461<\/sup>\u00a0\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u4e54\u59c6\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u54c8\u52d2\uff081968\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bb8\u591a\u201c\u751f\u6210\u201d\u97f3\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u5c31\u628a [\u014b] \u770b\u4f5c \/n\/ \u5728\u8f6f\u989a\u97f3\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8868\u5c42\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\/n\/ \u53ef\u80fd\u4e27\u5931\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u97f3\uff0c\u53ea\u8ba9\u524d\u9f3b\u97f3\u7684\u8f6f\u989a\u5316\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 [n] \u2192 [\u014b]\u3002\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2462<\/sup>\u00a0\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\/\u014b\/ \u548c \/n\/ \u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u53ea\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8bcd\u7684\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u672b\u5c3e\uff0c\u4e0d\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8bcd\u9996\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c5\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u97f3\u8282\u4e2d\u95f4\u8fa8\u522b\u51fa\u6765\uff09\uff0c23\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u97f3\u8282\u8fb9\u7f18\u4e0a\u8fa8\u522b\u51fa\u6765\uff09\u3002\u534a\u5143\u97f3\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\uff1a\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u8c61\u8f85\u97f3\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u53d1\u97f3\u548c\u5143\u97f3\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u8868\u4e2d\u201c\u4e03\u4f4d\u201d\u4e00\u680f\u7684 \/\u025b, \u0254\/ \u548c\u201c\u516b\u4f4d\u201d\u4e00\u680f\u7684 \/\u025b, \u0254, a, \u0251\/ \u53ea\u662f\u793a\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5143\u97f3\u6570\u76ee\u548c\u97f3\u8d28\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u516c\u5f0f\u8868\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<br \/>\n[\u2212\u4f4e] \u2192 [\u03b1\u5706] \/ [\u2212\u03b1\u524d]<br \/>\n\u5373\uff1a\u5728\u975e\u4f4e\u5143\u97f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5706\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u53d6\u548c\u201c\u524d\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u503c\u3002\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6ce8\u3002<br \/>\n\u8bd1\u6309\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u751f\u6210\u97f3\u7cfb\u5b66\u516c\u5f0f\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u659c\u6760\u540e\u662f\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5f53 \u03b1 \u53d6\u6b63\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u5168\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u9ad8\u5143\u97f3\u662f\u524d\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5706\u5507\u97f3\u3002\u201d\u5f53 \u03b1 \u53d6\u8d1f\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u5168\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u9ad8\u5143\u97f3\u662f\u540e\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u5706\u5507\u97f3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2461<\/sup>\u00a0\u53f2\u83b1\u8036\u5c14\uff08Johann Martin Schleyer\uff0c1831\u20141912\uff09\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u795e\u7236\u30021880\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u521b\u5236\u4e86\u6c83\u62c9\u666e\u514b\u8bed\uff08Volap\u00fck\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u8bed\u201d\uff09\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u8fd9\u91cc\u6307\u4fc4\u8bed\u3001\u6cd5\u8bed\u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u975e\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u5f31\u5316\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u8fd9\u79cd\u540c\u5316\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u63d0\u5021\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u62fc\u5199\u548c\u8bfb\u97f3\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u8fd9\u662f\u5c31\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8f85\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u533a\u522b\u7279\u5f81\u5206\u6790\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8f85\u97f3\u97f3\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u7279\u5f81\u5206\u6790\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u662f\u74e6\u65af\u79d1\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\uff08Vask\u00f3 1976:41\uff09\u3002\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u7279\u9c81\u522b\u8328\u67ef\u4f9d\uff08Trubetzkoy 1939b\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bed\u97f3\u4e0a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u8bed\u4e0d\u5e94\u63d0\u5021\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u8fd1\u6765\u6000\u7279\uff08White 1972\uff09\u4e5f\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6ce8\u3002[\u8bd1\u6309\uff1a\u7279\u9c81\u522b\u8328\u67ef\u4f9d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u8bf4\u662f\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\uff08\u8fa8\u4e49\u6027\uff09\u5bf9\u7acb\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7279\u9c81\u522b\u8328\u67ef\u4f9d\u4e0d\u4e3b\u5f20\u56fd\u9645\u8bed\u4e2d\u6709\u6e05\u6d4a\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u65e0\u5948\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8bb8\u591a\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5370\u6b27\u8bed\u8a00\uff09\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u8bcd\u6839\u6070\u6070\u591a\u6570\u6e90\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u3002]<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u2461<\/sup>\u00a0\u8fd8\u6709\u6c49\u8bed\u3002\u6c49\u8bed\u7684\u591a\u6570\u65b9\u8a00\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\uff09\u9760\u9001\u6c14\u4e0d\u9001\u6c14\u6765\u533a\u5206\u7206\u7834\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7206\u7834\u97f3\u90fd\u662f\u6e05\u8f85\u97f3\u3002\u4f46\u5434\u8bed\u3001\u95fd\u8bed\u3001\u6e58\u8bed\u7b49\u65b9\u8a00\u7684\u7206\u7834\u97f3\u5219\u5206\u6e05\u6d4a\uff08\u5176\u6e05\u97f3\u591a\u6570\u4ecd\u6709\u9001\u6c14\u4e0e\u4e0d\u9001\u6c14\u7684\u5206\u522b\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u64cd\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u65b9\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7206\u7834\u97f3\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e9b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u591a\u6570\u65b9\u8a00\u533a\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\u5bf9\u6b64\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u73b0\u5c06\u7206\u7834\u97f3\u7684\u6e05\u6d4a\u548c\u9001\u6c14\u8868\u89e3\u5982\u4e0b\uff08\u4ee5\u53cc\u5507\u97f3\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff09\uff1a\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u6e05\u4e0d\u9001\u6c14<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u6e05\u9001\u6c14<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u6d4a\u4e0d\u9001\u6c14<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><b>\u6d4a\u9001\u6c14<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5370\u5730\u8bed<\/td>\n<td>p<\/td>\n<td>p\u02b0<\/td>\n<td>b<\/td>\n<td>b\u02b1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5317\u4eac\u8bdd<\/td>\n<td>p\uff08\u4f2f\uff0c\u767d\uff09<\/td>\n<td>p\u02b0\uff08\u62cd\uff09<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e0a\u6d77\u8bdd<\/td>\n<td>p\uff08\u4f2f\uff09<\/td>\n<td>p\u02b0\uff08\u62cd\uff09<\/td>\n<td>b\uff08\u767d\uff09<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e16\u754c\u8bed<\/td>\n<td>p<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>b<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u82f1\u8bed<\/td>\n<td>p<\/td>\n<td>p\u02b0<\/td>\n<td>b<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><sup>\u2460<\/sup>\u00a0\u5982\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u56fe\u7ef4\u91cc\u8bed\u3001\u514b\u695a\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u827e\u9a6c\u62c9\u8bed\u6709\u5347\u5589\u6324\u6c14\u97f3\uff08\/t\u02bc\/\uff0c\u4e0e 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href=\"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/lingvistikaj-aspektoj-de-esperanto\/iv\/\">\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u8bed\u97f3\u5b66 2.1 \u97f3\u4f4d \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31 kiso\uff08\u63a5\u543b\uff09\u3001kaso\uff08\u94b1\u67dc\uff09\u3001kuzo\uff08\u5802\u5144\u5f1f\uff09\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u2026 <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/esperantologio\/lingvistikaj-aspektoj-de-esperanto\/iii\/\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb Legi pli &raquo;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":12821,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12840"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12840"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12840\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20948,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12840\/revisions\/20948"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12821"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}