\u9b4f\u4ee5\u8fbe<\/p>\n
\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u3001\u82f1\u8bed\u3001\u65f6\u6001\u3001\u65f6\u5236\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00<\/p>\n
1.1\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u662f\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7686\u7136\u3002\u4f46\u5404\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5374\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u3002\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u91c7\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff08\u5f20\u4eca\uff0c1981\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u8bed\u4ee5\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5b66\u8d77\u82f1\u8bed\u6765\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u800c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4ee5\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5f88\u5c11\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u5b66\u8d77\u6765\u4e5f\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u6613\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u89c2\u4e4b\uff0c\u65f6\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5341\u5206\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6307\u5bfc\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5916\u8bed\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u95f4\u65f6\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4ea6\u53ef\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u4ece\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66(contrastive linguistics)\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u8fdb\u884c\u5171\u65f6\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8003\u5bdf\u548c\u68c0\u9a8c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5171\u6027(universals),\u53c8\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u5177\u4f53\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7279\u6027(peculiarities)\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u770b\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5bf9\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u65f6\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\uff0c\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5f02\u540c\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4e60\u5f97\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u7565\u6709\u82f1\u8bed\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u65f6\u6709\u4e8b\u534a\u529f\u500d\u4e4b\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7ea61500\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7531\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5f53\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u8bed\u8a00\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u53ca\u81f3\u73b0\u4ee3\u5df2\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8f83\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5584\u3001\u8f83\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bed\u8a00[i]\uff1b\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u5212\u8bed\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u5c06\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u96c6\u4e8e\u4e00\u8eab\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u7c98\u7740\u8bed\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u77ed\u77ed110\u5e74\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u8bed\u3002\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6446\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u662f\u5341\u5206\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e3a\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e3a\u7c98\u7740\u8bed\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\uff09\uff0c\u4e24\u8bed\u5728\u65f6\u5236\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee4\u4eba\u5927\u5f00\u773c\u754c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u89c2\u4e4b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u5176\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u5de7\u5999\u5b89\u6392\u6765\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
1.2 \u65f6\u5236\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/p>\n
\u65f6\u5236\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u7b49\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4ece\u4f20\u7edf\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u5c31\u6709\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5c06\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u52a0\u4e0a\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u6001\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8fdb\u884c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5b8c\u6210\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5b8c\u6210\u8fdb\u884c\u201d\u6240\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5171\u5341\u516d\u79cd\u201c\u65f6\u6001\u201d(tense)\uff08\u5f20\u9053\u771f\uff0c1963\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u628a\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6001\u201d\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u6c14\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6700\u65b0\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\u3002R. Quirk\u7b49\u4eba\u64b0\u8457\u7684A Grammar of Contemporary English\u4e00\u4e66\u5728\u9610\u8ff0\u201ctime, tense and aspect\u201d\u4e00\u8282\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0ctime\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5171\u6709\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u4e09\u6bb5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u5171\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u8d85\u8bed\u8a00\u6027\u7684\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u6709\u7684tense\uff08\u6b64\u5904\u5e94\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u65f6\u201d\uff09\u7684\u8303\u7574\u53bb\u8868\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0c\u5373\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ee5\u8bcd\u5f62\u53d8\u5316\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u60c5\u6001\u52a8\u8bcdshall\u6216will\u52a0\u4e0a\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u8bcd\u672c\u8eab\u8bcd\u5f62\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002Quirk\u7b49\u4eba\u5982\u6b64\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u5c06\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6001\u201d\uff08aspect\uff0c\u6216\u79f0\u201c\u4f53\u201d\uff09\u4f5c\u51fa\u660e\u663e\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4f53\u201d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5e94\u6709\u6240\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8bed\u6cd5\u8868\u8fbe\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0a\u96be\u4e8e\u5f7b\u5e95\u5206\u5bb6\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0cQuirk\u7b49\u4eba\u5c06\u4f20\u7edf\u5341\u516d\u79cd\u65f6\u6001\u4e00\u53d8\u800c\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u201c\u65f6\u201d\uff08\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u73b0\u5728\uff09\u3001\u4e24\u79cd\u201c\u65f6\u95f4\u201d\uff08\u5c06\u6765\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5c06\u6765\uff09\u548c\u4e24\u79cd\u201c\u4f53\u201d\uff08\u8fdb\u884c\u548c\u5b8c\u6210\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u800c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u95f9\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e00\u4ea7\u751f\u5c31\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u786e\u7684\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4f53\u201d\u8303\u7574\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u5c06\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u7b80\u5355\u65f6\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e5d\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5219\u662f\u660e\u767d\u5730\u6307\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u4f53\u8c8c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u8d77\u59cb\u4f53\u3001\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u4f53\u3001\u5b8c\u6210\u4f53\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u8868\u8ff0\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0e\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u201c\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u4f53\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6dfb\u52a0\u524d\u540e\u7f00\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e24\u8bed\u5728\u65f6\u3001\u4f53\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u8bb2\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u201c\u65f6\u5236\u201d\u5c31\u662fQuirk\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u79f0\u8d85\u8bed\u8a00\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u6d89\u53ca\u8bed\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\u7684\u65f6\u548c\u4f53\uff0c\u4f5c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u662f\u5341\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65f6\u5236\u5206\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u7edd\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u5236,\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u91c7\u53d6\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u800c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u53c8\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5747\u540c\u65f6\u91c7\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u79cd\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u5374\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
1.3 \u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236<\/p>\n
\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u662f\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u6216\u53d9\u8ff0\u4eba\u7684\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u95f4\u4ee5\u524d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u90fd\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u95f4\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u523b\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u8868\u793a\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u800c\u5916\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u793a\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u3001\u4e60\u60ef\u6027\u52a8\u4f5c\u7b49\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u4ee3\u66ff\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u548c\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u3002\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u9664\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5982\u201c\u4eca\u5929\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eca\u5e74\u201d\u7b49\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b1. Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the difficulties?
\n\u6b64\u4f8b\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u7684\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff0c\u52a8\u4f5ctell\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u540e\u7528\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u4f5cmanage\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u524d\u5219\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f8b2. Li diras, ke li faros prelegon post kelka tempo.
\n\u6b64\u4f8b\u4e0e\u4f8b1\u60c5\u51b5\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u523b\u4e3a\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff0c\u52a8\u4f5cdiri\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u523b\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\uff0c\u52a8\u4f5cfari\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u523b\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u7528\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
1.4 \u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236<\/p>\n
\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u73b0\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff08\u8fc7\u53bb\u6216\u5c06\u6765\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5148\u540e\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\u8868\u793a\u52a8\u4f5c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u4e4b\u540e\u8868\u793a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u52a8\u4f5c\u6b63\u597d\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u53c2\u8003\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u5b8c\u6210\u3001\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u548c\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u8868\u8fbe\u624b\u6bb5\u56e0\u8bed\u8a00\u800c\u5f02\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528-is, -as, -os\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u53c8\u53ef\u7528-i(n)t-, -a(n)t-, -o(n)t-\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u7684-is, -as, -os\u5df2\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u3001\u5c06\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u8868\u793a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u7684\u201c\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b3. Mi ne povas memori precize, kiam li diris, ke li verkas novelon.
\n\u4f8b\u4e2d\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5cpovas, diris\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u52a8\u4f5cverki\u5219\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u201c\u6b63\u5728\u5199\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8868\u793a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53c2\u8003\u70b9diri\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u5168\u53e5\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u8bb0\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u8bf4\u8fc7\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u5728\u5199\u5c0f\u8bf4\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
1.5 \u7edd\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236<\/p>\n
\u7edd\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\uff0c\u5728\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\u65e2\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u53c8\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u4f8b3\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u53e6\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d3e\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u6d41\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e5f\u662f\u9891\u7e41\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u8fd9\u79cd\u65f6\u5236\u4ee5\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u62df\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5236<\/p>\n
2.1 \u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u5236
\n\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e09\u5957\u65f6\u5236\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u4e3b\u52a8\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u88ab\u52a8\u5206\u8bcd\uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u590d\u6742\u65f6\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u3001\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u4e2d\uff1b\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u5219\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u5ba2\u89c2\u53d9\u8ff0\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u666e\u904d\u771f\u7406\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1b\u800c\u7edd\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u603b\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u7269\u5185\u5fc3\u72ec\u767d\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u63cf\u5199\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u4ece\u53e5\u7b49\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u5404\u65f6\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u7c97\u7565\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u56e0\u7bc7\u5e45\u6240\u9650\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\u5de8\u7ec6\u65e0\u9057\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5982\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5c31\u53ef\u5212\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u91cc\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u65e2\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u523b\u4e3a\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e-is, -as, -os\u5c31\u8868\u793a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u5c06\u6765\uff0c\u8bd5\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b4. Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj \u015dparema, sed \u015di estas anka\u016d tre babilema kaj kriema. \uff08\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u72b6\u6001\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b5. Ni \u0109iuj kunvenis, por priparoli tre gravan aferon; sed ni ne povis atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni disiris. \uff08\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u3000\u8868\u8fc7\u53bb\u52a8\u4f5c\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b6. Tiu \u0109i grava tago restos por mi \u0109iam memorinda. \uff08\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u8868\u5c06\u6765\u72b6\u6001\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u60c5\u51b5\u76f8\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5148\u540e\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u201c\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u73b0\u7565\u4e3e\u51e0\u4f8b\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b7. Dormante mi son\u011dis. \uff08\u4e24\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u201c\u7761\u89c9\u201d\u65f6\u201c\u505a\u68a6\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b8. Dorminte mi skribis. \uff08\u5206\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u5148\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u201c\u7761\u201d\u5b8c\u540e\u518d\u201c\u5199\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b9. Dormonte mi legis.\u3000\uff08\u5206\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540e\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u201c\u7761\u201d\u524d\u66fe\u201c\u8bfb\u4e66\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b10. Mi vidis, ke li ridis.\uff08\u4ece\u53e5\u52a8\u4f5c\u5148\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u201c\u770b\u201d\u65f6\u5df2\u201c\u7b11\u201d\u8fc7\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b11. Mi vidis, ke li ridas.\uff08\u4e24\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u201c\u770b\u201d\u65f6\u6b63\u5728\u201c\u7b11\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b12. Mi vidis, ke li ridos.\uff08\u4ece\u53e5\u52a8\u4f5c\u540e\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u201c\u770b\u201d\u65f6\u4ed6\u5feb\u201c\u7b11\u201d\u4e86\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u516d\u4f8b\u5df2\u80fd\u7aa5\u89c1\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5c06\u6df1\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u6d6a\u8d39\u7b14\u58a8\u3002<\/p>\n
2.2 \u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u5236<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u4e00\u6837\u4e5f\u4e3a\u4e09\u5957\uff0c\u5373\u7edd\u5bf9\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u3002\u4f46\u591a\u89c1\u7684\u5219\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u5927\u81f4\u9650\u4e8e\u4e09\u79cd\u573a\u5408\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u3001\u5206\u8bcd\uff08-ing\u5206\u8bcd\u548c-ed\u5206\u8bcd[ii]\uff09\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u3002\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b13. We rejoiced to see her back.\uff08\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u6216\u540e\u4e8e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b14. I am glad to have seen your mother.\uff08\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u52a8\u4f5c\u5148\u4e8e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b15. They left for the fields, shouldering spades and hoes.\uff08\u5206\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b16. Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden.\uff08\u5206\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u5148\u4e0e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b17. He said to me, \u201cI have left my book in your room.\u201d\uff08\u5f15\u8bed\u4e2dhave left\u5df2\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u5148\u4e8e\u4e3b\u53e5\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c5e\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff09<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u6bd4\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u8981\u5e7f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u662f\u4ee5\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u6db5\u76d6\u4ee5\u9648\u8ff0\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u7b80\u5355\u53e5\u548c\u590d\u6742\u53e5\u3001\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u7b49\uff0c\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b18. Henry told Frank that he had come to return the book.
\n\u6b64\u4f8b\u4e3a\u4e00\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d9\u8ff0\u8005\u7684\u8bf4\u8bdd\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff08\u5373\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u523b\uff09\uff0c\u4e3b\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u8868\u793a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u4f53\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u523b\u4e3a\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236[iii]\u3002
\n\u5173\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e66\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f5c\u5177\u4f53\u63cf\u8ff0[iv]\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u624d\u53d8\u5f97\u7a81\u51fa\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f15\u51fa\u8bef\u89e3\u5c31\u8db3\u591f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bba\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u4e3a\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u5dee\u5f02<\/p>\n
3.1 \u5728\u8c08\u5230\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65f6\uff0c\u5415\u53d4\u6e58\u5148\u751f\u66fe\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u62ff\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u8ddf\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u6b64\u4e00\u5f7c\u591a\u6216\u8005\u6b64\u591a\u5f7c\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u6b64\u6709\u5f7c\u65e0\u6216\u8005\u6b64\u65e0\u5f7c\u6709\u3002\u201d[v]\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c5e\u5415\u53d4\u6e58\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u4ee5\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u517c\u91c7\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u8bed\u4ee5\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6b64\u4e00\u5f7c\u591a\u6216\u8005\u6b64\u591a\u5f7c\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e24\u8bed\u95f4\u5dee\u8ddd\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u62df\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u70b9\u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u8bed\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n
3.2 \u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed<\/p>\n
\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u5374\u4f7f\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\uff0c\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u5f15\u8ff0\u52a8\u8bcd\uff08reporting verb\uff09\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u548c\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u65f6\uff0c\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u5373\u4e24\u79cd\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f15\u8ff0\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8bd5\u5206\u6790\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b19. \u201cYou are very clever,\u201d she whispered.
\n\u2192 She whispered that he was very clever.<\/p>\n
\u4f8b20. \u201cAt the present time,\u201d the senator replied, \u201cI haven\u2019t made up my mind about the bill.\u201d
\n\u2192 The senator replied that he had not made up his mind about the bill.<\/p>\n
\u4f8b21. \u201cI\u2019ll mend the window this afternoon,\u201d he said.
\n\u2192 He said he would mend the window that afternoon.<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e09\u4f8b\u5747\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4f8b19\u7531\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u4f8b20\u7531\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u4f8b21\u7531\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u5c06\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u6362\u3002\u5c06\u4e0a\u4e09\u4f8b\u5199\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5219\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b22. \u201cVi estas tre sa\u011da,\u201d \u015di flustris.
\n\u2192 \u015ci flustris, ke li estas tre sa\u011da.<\/p>\n
\u4f8b23. \u201cNun,\u201d la senatano respondis, \u201cMi ankora\u016d ne faris decidon pri la le\u011dprojekto.\u201d
\n\u2192 La senatano respondis, ke li ankora\u016d ne faris decidon pri la le\u011dprojekto.<\/p>\n
\u4f8b24. \u201cMi riparos la fenestron hodia\u016d posttagmeze,\u201d li diris.
\n\u2192 Li diris, ke li riparos la fenestron posttagmeze de tiu tago.<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u7684\u786e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bd4\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u8981\u7b80\u5355\u65b9\u4fbf\u8bb8\u591a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u65f6\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u7948\u4f7f\u53e5\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e26\u6709\u60c5\u6001\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u65f6\u5747\u5f97\u6309\u7167\u7279\u6b8a\u89c4\u5b9a\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b25. \u201cBe careful with the dog.\u201d
\n\u2192 I warned him to be careful with the dog.<\/p>\n
\u4f8b26. \u201cI must be in the hospital tomorrow,\u201d he said.
\n\u2192 He said that he must \/ would have to be in the hospital the following day.<\/p>\n
\u4f8b25\u662f\u7948\u4f7f\u53e5\uff0c\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u9700\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b26\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u6001\u52a8\u8bcd\u5728\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u65f6\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559must\uff08\u56e0must\u65e0\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\uff0c\u4e8c\u662fhave to\uff08\u6709\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u7b49\u7684\u53d8\u5f62\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5bf9\u7b49\u3002\u5f53\u6b64\u7c7b\u7948\u4f7f\u53e5\u8868\u793a\u63e3\u6d4b\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u65f6\uff0c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u4fdd\u7559must\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u524d\u8ff0\u7531\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u53d8\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u63a5\u8f68\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u7948\u4f7f\u53e5\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b27. \u201cSingardu kontra\u016d la hundo!\u201d mi avertis.
\n\u2192 Mi avertis, ke li singardu kontra\u016d la hundo.<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u60c5\u6001\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u60c5\u6001\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684povi, devi\u7b49\u90fd\u5177\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0e\u52a8\u8bcd\u53d1\u751f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u524d\u540e\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5982\u4f8b26\u5199\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b28. \u201cMi devos esti en la hospitalo morga\u016d,\u201d li diris.
\n\u2192 Li diris, ke li devos esti en la hospitalo la sekvantan tagon.<\/p>\n
\u4f8b28\u4e2d\u7684devos\u5728\u8f6c\u6362\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u66f4\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u7531\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u53d8\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u65f6\u5236\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\uff08\u56e0\u6c49\u8bed\u4e5f\u91c7\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff09\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u4e3e\u4e00\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6027\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u51e0\u4e4e\u56ca\u62ec\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7531\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u53d8\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u4e2d\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u8fde\u8bcdke\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ee3\u8bcd\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u5747\u65e0\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u89c1\u5728\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8bed\u4e2d\u91c7\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f8b29.<\/p>\n
Rekta parolo: Nerekta parolo:
\nLa lernantoj lamentis al la instruisto: La lernantoj lamentis al la instruisto,
\n\u201cNi ne meritas la punon, ke ili ne meritas la punon,
\n\u0109ar ni lernadis nian lecionon. \u0109ar ili lernadis sian lecionon;
\nDemandu niajn gepatrojn, li demandu iliajn gepatrojn,
\nTiuj diros al vi, tiuj diros al li,
\nKiel multe ni klopodis, kiel multe ili klopodis,
\nSed ni ne povis \u011din kompreni. sed ili ne povis \u011din kompreni.
\nRememoru, ke vi devis li rememoru, ke li devis
\nSubite foriri en via lasta instruhoro subite foriri en sia lasta instruhoro
\nkaj vi \u011din ne klarigis al ni. kaj li \u011din ne klarigis al ili;
\nSe vi nun \u011din klarigus, se li nun \u011din klarigus
\ncerte tuj ni komprenus. certe tuj ili komprenus;
\nNi vin petas, faru tion; ili petas lin, ke li faru tion;
\nNi estos tre dankaj al vi. Ili estos tre dankaj al li;
\nNun ni vidas, kiel multe nun ili vidas, kiel multe
\nVi helpas nin per via klarigado.\u201d Li helpas ilin per sia klarigado.<\/p>\n
3.3\u3000\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u533a\u522b\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a-ing\u5206\u8bcd\u548c
\n-ed\u5206\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u4e24\u7c7b\u516d\u79cd\uff1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u5206\u8bcd-int-, -ant-, -ont-\u548c\u88ab\u52a8\u5206\u8bcd-it-, -at-, -ot-\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u91c7\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u80fd\u5206\u522b\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u4e0e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u201c\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u6216\u201c\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u5219\u53ea\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u4e0e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u5b8c\u6210\u4f53\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u770b\u770b\u5b83\u4eec\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n
3.3.1 \u526f\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed<\/p>\n
\u5982\u679c\u6487\u5f00\u5176\u5b83\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0d\u8c08\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u53ea\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b30. Seeing Wu Song, the tiger roared and rushed over.\uff08\u5206\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u6216\u4e00\u524d\u4e00\u540e\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\u53d1\u751f\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b31. The old man stood there, surrounded by his five daughters.(\u5206\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f)<\/p>\n
\u4f8b32. Having never handled a machine, she met with a lot of difficulties at first.\uff08\u501f\u52a9\u5b8c\u6210\u4f53\uff0c\u5206\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u5148\u4e8e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f-ont-\u548c-ot-\u5374\u662f\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u540e\u4e8e\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bcd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u82f1\u8bed\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u6362\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u7b49\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u201d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u8868\u201c\u613f\u671b\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5206\u8bcd\u7528\u65f6\u5e26\u6709\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b33. Wanting to beat the man, he got hold of a stick.<\/p>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u542b\u4e49\u4e0a\u80fd\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u662f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0fto beat\uff0c\u800c\u5e76\u975ewanting\uff0cwanting\u4ecd\u5e94\u770b\u7740\u8868\u540c\u65f6\u6027\uff0choping, wishing\u7b49\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4f7f\u7528\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u5219\u662f\u6e05\u695a\u65e0\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b34. Man\u011donte li trinkis glason da lakto.\uff08\u5c31\u9910\u4e4b\u524d\u4ed6\u559d\u4e86\u4e00\u676f\u725b\u5976\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b35. Lavote la manoj estas malpuraj.\uff08\u6d17\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u624b\u662f\u810f\u7684\uff09<\/p>\n
3.3.2. \u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u5904\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8bba\u9898\u5206\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5355\u4e2a\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\uff08\u6307\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u5728\u540d\u8bcd\u524d\u540e\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed\u7528\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5df2\u5927\u5927\u5f31\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4\u5374\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u5206\u8bcd\u6216\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4\u5747\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u526f\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4\u4e00\u6837\u5e26\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
3.3.2.1 \u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u7684-ing\u5206\u8bcd\u4fa7\u91cd\u8868\u73b0\u201c\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u5927\u4e3a\u5f31\u5316\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5df2\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e27\u5931\u6389\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u3002-ed\u5206\u8bcd\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd8\u4fdd\u7559\u7740\u201c\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u201c\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u5927\u4e3a\u5f31\u5316\uff1b\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u4e27\u5931\u6389\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u3002\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b36. This is a pressing problem.\uff08\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u51cf\u5f31\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b37. He is a promising young man.\uff08\u51e0\u4e4e\u5df2\u65e0\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b38. She had a worried look on her face. \uff08\u5df2\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e27\u5931\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b39. Here is our distinguished guest Mr. Jones. \uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u4e27\u5931\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u5374\u5206\u5de5\u660e\u786e\u3001\u5404\u65bd\u5176\u804c\uff0c\u9664\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u5206\u8bcd\u6240\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u542b\u4e49\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u76f8\u5f53\u5f3a\u7684\u201c\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u3002\u8bd5\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b40. La falinta homo ne povis sin levi.\uff08\u8dcc\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u90a3\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ad9\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u8868\u5148\u65f6\u6027\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b41. Kusantaj, sidantaj, sencele pasantaj, la soldatoj atendis la horon de la paradon.\uff08\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u8eba\u7740\u7684\u3001\u5750\u7740\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5230\u5904\u6e9c\u8fbe\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u90fd\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u7740\u68c0\u9605\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u8868\u540c\u65f6\u6027\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b42. La vila\u011danoj sopiris al la alvenonta nova\u0135o.\uff08\u6751\u6c11\u4eec\u90fd\u4f01\u76fc\u7740\u5373\u5c06\u4f20\u6765\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u8868\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff09<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u8bcd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u52a8\u4f5c\u6216\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u52a8\u4f5c\u6216\u72b6\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u540e\u4e00\u4f18\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
3.3.2.2. \u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4<\/p>\n
\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u6781\u4e3a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u8bcd\u5e26\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e38\u5e38\u4f4d\u4e8e\u88ab\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bcd\u7ec4\u53c8\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\uff0c-ing\u5206\u8bcd\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u4e3b\u53e5\u8c13\u8bed\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f[vi]\uff0c-ed\u5206\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u5728\u4e3b\u53e5\u8c13\u8bed\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e4b\u524d\u53d1\u751f\uff08\u5148\u65f6\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u540e\u65f6\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u82f1\u8bed\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u8981\u60f3\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f97\u6362\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u4ece\u53e5\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5f97\u5c06\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u7565\u4e3e\u4e24\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b43. The man talking there with the dean will perhaps come to teach here next time.\uff08\u8f83\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u540c\u65f6\u6027\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b44. Is this the book recommended by our teacher? \uff08\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u5148\u65f6\u6027\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u7518\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b45. La homo vin vizitonta estas mia amiko. \uff08\u5c06\u62dc\u8bbf\u4f60\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u5728\u526f\u8bcd\u6027\u548c\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u66f4\u4f18\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u5728\u540c\u6837\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5415\u53d4\u6e58\u5148\u751f\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6b64\u591a\u5f7c\u4e00\u201d\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5bf9\u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u5206\u6790\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bf4\u660e\u5415\u8001\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6b64\u6709\u5f7c\u65e0\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
3.3.3. \u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u662f\u6307\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\uff08gerund\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7ed3\u6784\u5177\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5f53\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u3001\u5bbe\u8bed\u548c\u8868\u8bed\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u65f6\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u6839\u636e\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5b9a\u65f6\u662f\u8868\u793a\u7684\u5148\u65f6\u6027\u5462\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7ed3\u6784\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u5f88\u5f31\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u5b83\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u8868\u8fbe\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u51fa\u8fd9\u7c7b\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b46. Do you like playing chess? \uff08\u4e0d\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u5177\u4f53\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u65f6\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b47. I remember seeing her once somewhere.\uff08\u4ece\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u53ef\u5224\u65ad\u51fa\u5148\u65f6\u6027\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b48. I propose making a change in the plan. \uff08\u6839\u636e\u53e5\u5b50\u542b\u4e49\u53ef\u5224\u65ad\u51fa\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b49. I prefer making an outline before I do my oral composition.\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u5177\u4f53\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u65f6\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b48\u4e2d\u7684-ing\u5206\u8bcd[vii]\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u4e2d\u8868\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u7684-ing\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u5177\u6709\u8868\u65f6\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8868\u65f6\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u7ed3\u6784\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u5e38\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u6216\u5e26\u540e\u7f00-ad-\uff08\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5982\u4f8b46\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8868\u793a\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b50. \u0108u vi \u015datas ludi \u015dakon? \u6216\u0108u vi \u015datas ludadon de \u015dako?<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u5206\u8bcd\u7ed3\u6784\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u5bf9\u7b49\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u516d\u79cd\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u540e\u52a0-o\u6240\u6784\u6210\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u4ee5viziti\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6dfb\u52a0\u5206\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u548c\u540d\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5982\u4e0b\u516d\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1avizitanto\uff08\u6b63\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee\u8005\uff09\uff0cvizitato\uff08\u6b63\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u8005\uff09\uff0cvizitinto\uff08\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bbf\u95ee\u8005\uff09\uff0cvizitito\uff08\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u8005\uff09\uff0cvizitonto\uff08\u5c06\u8bbf\u95ee\u8005\uff09\uff0cvizitoto\uff08\u5c06\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u8005\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u516d\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u660e\u663e\u5177\u6709\u8868\u65f6\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0e\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u52a8\u8bcd\u6784\u6210\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4f8b51. La vizitanto eniris la domon.\uff08\u8868\u540c\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u6307\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u4eba\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b52. Ili malpacience atendis la vizitonton.\uff08\u8868\u540e\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u6307\u5c1a\u672a\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u4eba\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4f8b53. La vizitinto jam foriris.\uff08\u8868\u5148\u65f6\u6027\uff0c\u6307\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bbf\u95ee\u8fc7\u7684\u4eba\uff09<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u7528\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u573a\u5408\u8fd8\u7528\u4e8e\u7269\u6216\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8868\u65f6\u529f\u80fd\u8fd8\u5e38\u5e38\u8d77\u5230\u7cbe\u7b80\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u65f6\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7814\u7a76\u5341\u5206\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5f04\u6e05\u4e24\u8bed\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u6c49\u8bed\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u3001\u6c49\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u8bd1\u90fd\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u3002\u5728\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u6240\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5171\u65f6\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6765\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5171\u6027(universality)\u548c\u4e2a\u6027(peculiarity)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7814\u7a76\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u7bc7\u7c97\u964b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6709\u6240\u88e8\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n
[i] \u53c2\u770bNew Collegiate Dictionary\u7684\u201c\u5e8f\u8a00\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u3002
\n[ii] \u8fd9\u79cd\u53eb\u6cd5\u6bd4\u79f0\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u201d\u66f4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0-ing\u5206\u8bcd\u548c-ed\u5206\u8bcd\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8868\u793a\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002
\n[iii] \u53c2\u770b\u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u6bd4\u8f83\u8bed\u6cd5\u7eb2\u8981\u300b\uff08\u5f20\u4eca\u7b49\u8457\uff09307\u9875\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9664\u4e00\u822c\u65f6\u5916\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u5747\u4e3a\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d0\u6cd5\u503c\u5f97\u5546\u69b7\u3002
\n[iv] \u53c2\u770b\u300a\u65b0\u7f16\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u7ae0\u632f\u90a6\u7b49\u8457\uff09\u6709\u5173\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u5bf9\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u5bf9\u65f6\u5236\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002Quirk\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u7f16\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u300b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002
\n[v] \u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b202\u9875\u3002
\n[vi] \u6309\u73b0\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u5e94\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u975e\u9650\u5b9a\u4ece\u53e5\uff0c\u6545\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e3b\u53e5\u8c13\u8bed\u4e4b\u8bf4\u3002\u8be6\u89c1\u300a\u65b0\u7f16\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u7ae0\u632f\u90a6\u7b49\u7f16\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u201c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5c42\u6b21\u201d\u3002
\n[vii] \u5728\u65b0\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e66\u4e2d\u5df2\u65e0\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\u4e00\u8bf4\uff0c\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\u4e00\u6982\u5f52\u5165-ing\u5206\u8bcd\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee
\n\u5f20\u4eca\u7b49\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u6bd4\u8f83\u8bed\u6cd5\u7eb2\u8981\u300b\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c1981
\n\u6768\u81ea\u4fed\u7b49\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u8bed\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1990
\n\u5f20\u9053\u771f\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u300b\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c1964
\n\u4f26\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u5938\u514b\u7b49\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u300b\u8fbd\u5b81\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1979
\n\u7ae0\u632f\u90a6\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u65b0\u7f16\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u300b\u4e0a\u6d77\u8bd1\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1983
\n\u5f20\u4e39\u5ff1\u7b49\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u8be6\u89e3\u300b\u9ec4\u77f3\u5e02\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c1983
\nKalocsay-Waringhien\uff1aPlena Analiza Gramatiko de Esperanto\uff0cUniversala Esperanto-Asocio\uff0c1980
\nJohn Wells\uff1aLingvistikaj Aspektoj de Esperanto\uff0cUniversala Esperanto-Asocio\uff0c1978<\/p>\n
el http:\/\/www.elerno.cn\/esperantologio\/esto003.htm<\/p>\n
\u8fd4\u56de\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u7814\u7a76\u680f\u76ee\u76ee\u5f55<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u9b4f\u4ee5\u8fbe \u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u3001\u82f1\u8bed\u3001\u65f6\u6001\u3001\u65f6\u5236\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf \u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00 1.1\u201c\u65f6\u201d\u662f\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u2026 \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb Legi pli »<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3204,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9257"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9257"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9257\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reto.cn\/php\/hanyu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9257"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}